The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay - 1441 Words

The lifestyle of the 1920s was much different than what it was like before. In the 1920s, World War I had just ended. After the war, people decided to live life more abundantly. The standard of living increased, and people were able to spend their money on items that they needed as well as more luxury items. The 1920s was called the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† because it was about having a â€Å"roaring† good time. Throughout the book The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the scenes of the 1920s and the characters within the novel to critique the values of the Jazz Age. F. Scott Fitzgerald critiques life in the 1920s through The Great Gatsby. The book is seen through Nick Calloway’s point of view. Throughout the novel, there are many new characters and ways of living introduced. Fitzgerald’s purpose for writing this novel is to express how careless people were and how they did not truly love one another for them, but mostly for their social status or their money. The change in women in the 1920s is a facet of life Fitzgerald illustrates and critiques. They turned to new morals, which glorified youth and personal freedom. One example of their new ways were flappers, which were young women who tried to enjoy life by partying, and they typically had bobbed hair and dresses which showed skin from the knee down. In The Great Gatsby, Jordan Baker and Myrtle Wilson could be classified as flappers. Jordan is a professional golfer, which was unheard of until after the war. She is cheater, lovesShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme t hat is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

The Fit-Concept in Strategic Management  an Inappropriate...

Executive Summary The aim of this paper is confronted with the question of how the fit concept in strategic management is an appropriate idea or not for companies in the 21st century. After a short introduction about strategy which is defined by Michael E. Porter (1980), we will describe some basic concepts. Cited by Porter (1985, 1996) and Thomson/Strickland (1998), we find out that operational effectiveness is a helpful tool, but not enough for gaining competitive advantage. Strategies must be developed and it must match the organization in order to become effective. This is a task which is often fulfilled by the management. Then we will go deeper into the concept of fit. Some additional discussions of different perspectives†¦show more content†¦Finally we are going to discuss the effect of the freedom of information- and capital movement. 2 Basic Concepts As described above, Porter (1996) claims that operational effectiveness is not sufficient to gain a competitive advantage. Creating value for buyers that exceed the costs of doing so is the goal of any generic strategy. The ideal is to find a strategy that competitors are frozen from reacting due to their present circumstances . A unique strategy is needed to prevent rivals from copying the operational effectiveness of a company. Strategic fit creates competitive advantage by lowering activities cost because of the way the activities are performed, or increase the activity s values to customers by complementary activities . In order for a strategy to become effective it is required that the strategy matches the organization. The importance of matching organizations design and structure to the particular needs of strategy was first brought forward to the forefront in a landmark study of 70 large corporations conducted by Professor Alfred Chandler . His research revealed that changes in an organization s strategy bring about new organizational problems which, in turn, require a new or refashioned structure for the new strategy to be successfully implemented. He found that structure tends to follow the growth strategy of the firm Ââ€" but often not until inefficiency and internal operating problemsShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The 21st Century1824 Words   |  8 PagesAdvances in transportation and telecommunication infrastructure have been major factors in globalisation in the 21st century. Globalisation presents a number of challenges to modern organisations and leaders which must be caref ully managed to allow an organisation to meet its goals, mission and strategies. While there is no one leadership style or theory that is a fit for all organisations, each theory has its merits. The Full Range Leadership Model and Complexity Leadership Theory both present effectiveRead MoreStrategic Hr in Samsung5902 Words   |  24 PagesSamsung Strategic HRM Case Introduction: â€Å"In the recent time human resource management (HRM) has assumed new prominence because of continuing concerns about global competition, the internationalisation of technology and the productivity of labour. It is argued that these market imperatives require manager to change the way in which they manage the employment relationship in order to allow for the most effective utilization of human resources (HR). Managers and academics argue thatRead MoreThe Strategic Role of Hrm in Multinational Corporations5817 Words   |  24 PagesThe Strategic Role of HRM in Multinational Corporations – A Holistic Perspective. Sanjay Bhavnani Director Chief Operating Officer MMS Maritime Agency(I) Pvt Ltd Mumbai. A Subsidiary Company of Meiji Shipping Group, Japan To say that Human Resource Management is assuming a key importance in all organizations would be an understatement. It would be far more realistic to recognize the fact that the field of HRM is being perceived as more strategic in nature at all levels of an Organization whichRead More ATT Business Analysis Essay5151 Words   |  21 Pagescommunications revolution. The Internet, e-Commerce and other developments (including the convergence of communication technologies) are profoundly reshaping economic and social life. ATT must position itself to meet the challenge of this revolution. The strategic development of information-based industries is a key to the future social and economic development of the world. The telecommunications industry is of vital importance to the development of the information-based economy. ATT need to supply accessRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 PagesBusiness Management Study Manuals Advanced Diploma in Business Management STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT The Association of Business Executives 5th Floor, CI Tower ï‚ · St Georges Square ï‚ · High Street ï‚ · New Malden Surrey KT3 4TE ï‚ · United Kingdom Tel: + 44(0)20 8329 2930 ï‚ · Fax: + 44(0)20 8329 2945 E-mail: info@abeuk.com ï‚ · www.abeuk.com  © Copyright, 2008 The Association of Business Executives (ABE) and RRC Business Training All rights reserved No part of this publication may beRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 PagesChapter 1 explores the concepts surrounding organizational strategy. It begins with an explanation of the term strategy and offers a basis for how to identify a company’s particular strategy. Next, it explores the importance of striving for competitive advantage in the marketplace and examines the role strategy plays in achieving this advantage. The chapter then explores the idea that strategy is partly proactive and partly reactive. Next, a discussion on strategy and ethics is given. This is followedRead MoreMarketing Strategy and the Contemporary Challenges in Marketing Effectivness: a Case Study15886 Words   |  64 PagesTransport Share Company By: Belay Getachew A senior essay submitted to St. Mary’s University College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Management in Distance Education Division July 2009 Addis Ababa Chapter One Introduction 1. Back ground In present competitive world and business environment things would not move in a steady way and as planned. As a result for the past few years every organization and company follows the patternRead MoreHr - Strategic Business Partner10974 Words   |  44 PagesHR as strategic Partner is gaining momentum as being one of the best way yet in making human resources as the most important asset in an organization. Being a strategic partner is understood as a long-term relationship to achieve defined objectives common to all partners. In the context of  strategic human resource management,  the HR function and activities are intended to ensure the organization s financial success. As partners your HR people and employees in the various areas of the organizationRead MoreRecruitment and Selection Process in Southwood School2922 Words   |  12 Pagesappear. On the other hand unsuccessful candidates receive some brief verbal feedback and not the written one. The Human Resource Manager have reviewed the whole situation and identified the areas in which more improvement is required, as few inappropriate recruits are hired which can be avoided. He enhances the strategy by redesigning the structural layout and content of advertisement and places it in the part of newspaper which have higher readership. They also setup a website where actual vacanciesRead MoreMarketing Discussion15807 Words   |  64 PagesCHAPTER 1 :- DEFINING MARKETING FOR THE 21st CENTURY MARKETING DEBATE—Does Marketing Create or Satisfy Needs? Marketing has often been defined in terms of satisfying customers’ needs and wants. Critics, however, maintain that marketing does much more than that and creates needs and wants that did not exist before. According to these critics, marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they really do not need. Take a position: Marketing shapes consumer

Financial Accounting Theory and as Oceanic Ecosystem

Question: Discuss abot the Financial Accounting Theory and as Oceanic Ecosystem. Answers: Introduction All firms put either direct or indirect effect on the ecosystem due to its operations and in this report; a case on British Petroleum Limited has been studied. It has been found that BP Limited is responsible for causing direct harm to the environment as it causes oil spills and this adversely effects the social, economical wealth as well as oceanic ecosystem (Freeman et al., 2014). It has been found that there are mainly three issues for which BP Limited is responsible. These are effect of oil spill on oceanic ecosystem, short of ecosystem services for administering risks and short of regulation outline for detecting restoration cost. As a result, the purpose of this report is to make BP Limited alert regarding its operations and damages that it causes to the environment. Aim of the Report Based on detailed study, BP Limited is incompetent to detect its cost regarding restoration and so it measures and calculates it in terms of worth of money. Additionally, BP limited does not put importance on the damages that it does to the social and ecological wealth through numerous oil spills (Raj Roy, 2016). Furthermore, the firm considers this as non-marketed goods. Thus, generally, the organization should put emphasis on this and should measure its valuation. Government considers the organization responsible for paying cleanup cost as it causes oil spill and harms the environment. It has been fund that BP limited does figures out clearly what damages it have done to the ecosystem. Thus, the primary aim of this study is to make BP Limited concerned about the damages that it does to the ecosystem through causing oil spill. Problems Determined and Consequences Effect of oil spill on oceanic ecosystem Short of ecosystem services for administering risks Short of regulation outline for detecting restoration cost Process of the Research This study will be performed on the basis of data collected through both primary and secondary resources. Primary research will include face-to-face interview or telephonic interview and questionnaire survey and these will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively respectively (Molisa, 2014). Secondary research will include gathering data from articles, journals and books. Limitations and Suppositions For better data collection, survey of the inhabitants of Gulf Coast will occur as oil spills occurred there. Furthermore, for gathering accurate data, interview and survey of the staffs of the particular firm will also take place (Deegan, 2013). However, some of the employees might as well as the residents of Gulf Coast might hesitate to participate in the survey, so the researcher might face trouble during the course of data collection. Discussion Literature Review Effect of oil Spill on Oceanic Ecosystem Oil spills are considered as pollutions and it can be of two types. Firstly, due to various causes, accidentally some oil spills occur, those are called accidental spills, whereas, the second type occurs due to ignorance and carelessness of workforce, so it is termed as intentional spill. All these spills adversely impacts the oceanic ecosystem (Dyckman Zeff, 2015). Thus, BP Limited should provide the fine and cleanup cost for the betterment of the ecosystem. Nonetheless, the firm intends to conceal the fact that its operations have affected and cause damage to the social, ecological wealth and the environment. Identification and measurement of damage caused to the ecology is very difficult and BP Limited does this in terms of time and money. Thus, it should put measureable factors such that the damage to the ecosystem can be reduced. Short of Ecosystem Services for Administering Risks It has been found that as per the moral and ethical standard of the firm BP Limited, most of the stakeholders keeps belief on the organization; thus, the firm should put forward its approaches towards the betterment of the ecosystem. In addition to this, the organization should include the environmental standards of accounting for making the firm more consistent to its stakeholders (Miller Power, 2013). This accounting standard is important for BP Limited as it helps to build a strong involvement among the environment, ecosystem and corporate agent. Short of Regulation Outline for Detecting Restoration Cost It has been found that the petroleum firms generally crack the punishment level through political bargaining. Nonetheless, it is not regarded as an appropriate approach as the damages done by a firm is not recuperated by this. Furthermore, method-oriented outline can be implemented for appraising the related risks. Thus, this approach is considered as a compulsory method for every organization. Accidental spills occur for crash of dictatorial agency, the reason behind this is that it provides characterized account in ecosystem (Shubik, 2014). The disclosed information of a corporation is considered as a vital aspect as it guides the management to evaluate the effort point for restoration process of environmental properties. Therefore, it can be said that lack of outlines of regulation would adversely affect the firm, particularly to the detection of renovation expense. Therefore, method-oriented outline is mandatory for betterment of the operations of the firm. Methodologies Procedure Here, both the secondary and primary research procedures will be integrated, so questionnaires will be provided to both staffs of BP Limited and inhabitants of Gulf. Secondary data will be gathered from the articles, journals and books (Horngren et al., 2013). Size of Sample For making the study easier, primary data will be collected from a fixed sample size of 50 employees and 150 inhabitants of Gulf and this will be selected on a random basis. Principles of Selection Probability sampling technique and fixed sample size will be implemented here for making the research easier. Data Analysis and Discussion Effect of oil Spill on Oceanic Ecosystem The employees of BP Limited stated that there are several kinds of spills (oil) and their percentage of occurrence have also been noted below. Figure 1: Kinds of Oil Spills and Percentage of their Occurrence (Source: Bp.com, 2017) This above pie chart represents various kinds of spills and thus its effect on the oceanic ecosystem can be understood from the following graph: Figure 2: Bird Mortality Rate (Source: Crawford Lepine, 2013) Short of Ecosystem Services for Administering Risks Different kinds of oil spills have been found to affect the ecosystem negatively and this manly occurs in seas or oceans but it also affect the other parts like: Figure 3: Key Accidental Oil Spills (Source: Crawford Lepine, 2013) All these occur due to short of incorporation of proper ecosystem services within the firm. The residents of Gulf stated that the oil spills mainly affect the cessation of deepwater. However, it also affects the other aspects. These are: Figure 4: Impact of Oil Spills (Source: Bp.com, 2017) Short of Regulation Outline for Detecting Restoration Cost It has been found that demand of oil increased, so supply of oil also increased simultaneously. However, along with these the rate of occurring oil spills increased, so the numbers of employees, workforce and contractors of BP Limited decreased. Figure 5: Oils Demand and Supply (Source: Bp.com, 2017) Figure 6: Raise in Demand of Workforce, Contractors and Employees (Source: Bp.com, 2017) The projected budget of Deepwater Horizon can be understood as per the data collected from the staffs of BP Limited. Figure 7: Budget of Deepwater Horizon (Source: Bp.com, 2017) However, the short of authoritarian outline, which assists to detect restoration cost can be better understood from the following print screen. Figure 8: Short of Dictatorial Frame (Source: Bp.com, 2017) Data Accurateness Accurate information has been gathered here from both secondary and primary resources and representatives can rely on the researcher, as the collected information will not be disclosed. Conclusion BP Limited should be more aware about the social and ecological wealth. Thus, oil spills should be reduced that take place due to carelessness of the employees. Lastly, the fines that are paid to the government of the country by BP Limited is not enough for improving the damages it have done to the oceanic ecosystem. Recommendations BP Limited should integrate the environmental standards of accounting for running the business eco-friendly. In addition, the firm should consider accurate measures to protect the environment. References Bp.com. (2017).Bp.com. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A. (2013). A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), 32-48. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dyckman, T. R., Zeff, S. A. (2015). Accounting Research: Past, Present, and Future.Abacus,51(4), 511-524. Freeman, R. J., Shoulders, C. D., Allison, G. S., Smith Jr, G. R., Becker, C. J. (2014). Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, 441. Horngren, C. T., Sundem, G. L., Schatzberg, J. O., Burgstahler, D. (2013).Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Miller, P., Power, M. (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 557-605. Molisa, P. B. M. (2014). Accounting for apocalypse: Re-thinking social accounting theory and practice for our time of social crises and ecological collapse. Raj, S. K., Roy, S. (2016). Accounting Theory: An Ethical Perspective of Real Life Scenarios.International Journal of Business and Social Research,6(10), 47-55. Shubik, M. (2014, June). Accounting and its relationship to general equilibrium theory. InProceedings on the Conference Accounting and Economics in honor of the 500th Anniversary of the Publication of Luca Paciolis Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita(pp. 226-234).

The New Frontier for Fresh Foods Supermarkets free essay sample

They are highly dealing on cleanliness, healthy and safety. They are meeting the highly customer quality demands. Fresh Direct collaborated with Automation Associates, Inc. (AAI), a leading provider of simulation solutions for the global supply chain, to help build and improve operations efficiency in, Long Island City, New York. AAIs current project enables Fresh Direct to determine ultimate capacity of its current facility and establish metrics that will signal need for a second location. With its simulation software, AAI will assist Fresh Direct with detailed performance analysis for the facility design, including all internal product movement, packing and shipping equipment, and activities. According to Randall Gibson, president and founder of AAI, by continuously working with a client, AAI can create a fluid model and adjust it for the clients operational changes and growth. Fresh Direct clearly appreciates this value and relies on simulation modeling and analysis as a strategic operations planning tool. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Frontier for Fresh Foods Supermarkets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With our latest modeling efforts, Fresh Direct will be able to determine specific facility upgrades that can double the total daily order volume. The strengths and weaknesses in reference to the company’s diversity initiatives are †¢Political Factors-Fresh Directs performance is influence by political and legislative conditions in those countries, including the European Union (EU). For labor law, the government encourages retailers to offer a combination of employment opportunities for flexible jobs, lower wages and local basis a highly skilled, better paid and central. Fresh Direct believes that retail trade has a large impact on employment and the factors of people, being an inherently local industry and labor intensive. †¢Economical Factors-The international business continues to grow, the company remains highly dependent on the U. S. A market. However, Fresh Direct would be seriously affected by a slowdown in the market for U. S. A †¢Social Factors-Current trends indicate that U. S customers have moved to the single and bulk purchases, which is due to social changes. Demographic changes such as aging factor, the increase of women employees and a decrease in preparing meals at home means that U. S. A retailers focuses on value-added products amp; services. Consumers are increasingly aware of health problems, and attitudes toward food constantly changing. †¢Technological Feature- New technologies benefit both customers and company increases customer satisfaction as the assets are available, services can be more personalized and more convenient. The commercial launch of the Efficient Consumer Response, the initiative provided that change as this company is dealing, with online services, it is necessary for the company to focus on latest technology. The steps Vivian Noble should take to recruit and develop a new work force are to find strong applicants who fit in with the company’s culture and goals. She will need to make sure that human resources pay attention to laws and civil rights when hiring new employees. She should research and learn about Phoenix, and what people are in needs of jobs. She may want to reach out to college career fairs, Internet sites, newspapers, community centers, and minority organizations. She needs to find people who match the company’s personality and goals to create a positive relationship within the store. She should make sure she keeps the senior managers involved in planning the recruitment activities. She should set up a training program that is mandatory for the recruiters. The training program should include information on hiring procedures, interview techniques, affirmative employment goals, and appropriate questions and behavior (Building and Maintaining a Diverse and High Quality Workforce).

Attitude Alignment

Attitude Alignment Attitudes change over a given period of time. The process of attitude change is dependent on variables that exist in the daily lives of people and related to the process of socialization as well.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Attitude Alignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human nature is social, and therefore, the process of change of attitude is highly influenced by this factor as it is to suit the daily needs of existence and probably survival. The process of attitude change to join a group or a class as well as adjust to a friend or a partner refers to alignment. Human beings hold differing opinions regarding to almost all the issues, ideas, facts and things, but through the process of alignment, agreement is achieved (Newcomb, 1959). At times, this may go to progressive or retrogressive extents depending on the intent of two persons and the origin of the influence. Relationships may be entered into in regard to similarity of attitudes which can be formed as a result of attraction, selection or mere of similar attitudes availability. However, the change in attitudes as well as change of pool of attitudes in relationships requires partners to always engage in active attitude similarity. This is referred to as attitude alignment. In the language script between two lovers, D and S, there is an attitudinal similarity toward celebrating their anniversary. Attitudinal dissimilarity in regard to how to celebrate it and where to celebrate is also observed between the two lovers. The importance of celebrating the anniversary is clear between D and S; however, their attitudes toward the method and place are different. Accordingly to S, she is not for the idea of dinning in downtown and watching a movie thereafter. At this point, attitudinal alignment is zero as S chooses to act up to her opinion.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the balance theory, imbalance exists between D, S and the method as well as the place of celebration of the anniversary. As a result, tension between D and S is created in their interaction. Accordingly, this theory proposes that ways of reducing this imbalance that results to tension between the two could be reduced by the less costly strategy of modifying the attitude towards the celebration method and the venue. Such an outcome can be achieved by changing their own opinions either directly by attempting to influence each others views or indirectly by modifying the focus of the issue (Rosenberg Abelson, 1960). Communication, as noted by Newcomb (1959), plays a key role in bringing balance to the imbalance situation in the relationship. Celebrating anniversary, according to D, is an important thing as it marks their foundations of love, and thus it is salient in the relationship. Thus S recognizes the discomfort ca used to D and thus decides to resolve the matter by letting D take the lead and consider something else rather than bringing arguments. S commends D for his attempted suggestions of a different place, though she feels it is not enough. The salience misalignment hypothesis states that greater attitude alignment will occur if both recognize they are against the celebration of anniversary and hence must find a solution to this issue. By using the principle of the least efforts involved, the issue of celebration of an anniversary will bring attitude alignment between D and S since it does not touch their self-concept or who they are.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Attitude Alignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the focus of self-hypothesis confirms that a greater alignment will occur on salient attitudinal discrepancies which are not central to the self as well as to the partner. In this case, D will work towards attitude alignment with S in order to gain greater closeness in their relationship. This is the reason why D downplays actual identification of the method and place of celebration of the anniversary by using communication skills and avoiding arguments. By choosing to keep it as surprise, both S and D use the least effort principle to improve their relationship and hence confirm the strength of unit relationship hypothesis that observes that attitude alignment will be greater for partners if they value their opinions and they are ready to meet each other half way, as in case of D and S. References Newcomb, T. M. (1959). Individual systems of orientation. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science: Vol. 3 (pp. 384-422). New York: McGraw-Hill. Rosenberg, M. J., Abelson, R. P. (1960). An analysis of cognitive balancing. In C. I. Hovland M. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components (pp. 112-163). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Definition and Examples of Antanaclasis (Word Play)

Definition and Examples of Antanaclasis (Word Play) Definition Antanaclasis is a rhetorical term for a  type of verbal play in which one word is used in two contrasting (and often comic) senses- a type of  homonymic pun. Also known as the rebound. Antanaclasis  appears often in aphorisms, such as If we dont hang together, we shall surely hang separately. See Examples and Observations  below. Also see: AntistasisAsteismusDiacopeJanus WordLogologyParonomasiaPloceTraductioWord PlayWords at Play: An Introduction to Recreational Linguistics EtymologyFrom the Greek, reflection, bending, breaking against Examples and Observations And theres bars on the corners and bars on the heart.(Tim McGraw, Where The Green Grass Grows)People on the go . . . go for Coke.(advertisement for Coca Cola)If you arent fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm.(Vince Lombardi) Viola: Save thee, friend, and thy music! Dost thou live by thy tabour?Clown: No, sir, I live by the church.Viola: Art thou a churchman?Clown: No such matter, sir: I do live by the church; for I do live at my house, and my house doth stand by the church.(William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, Act 3, Scene 1)For every woman growing anxious about thinning hair, there are thousands growing it back.(advertisement for Rogaine)At first glance, Shirley Polykoffs sloganIf Ive only one life, let me live it as a blonde!seems like merely another example of a superficial and irritating rhetorical trope (antanaclasis) that now happens to be fashionable among advertising copy writers.(Tom Wolfe, The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening) Death, tho I see him not, is nearAnd grudges me my eightieth year.Now I would give him all these lastFor one that fifty have run past.Ah! He strikes all things, all alike,But bargains: those he will not strike.(Walter Savage Landor, Age) Antanaclasis in Hip HopRarely is it that a single rhetorical form can essentially define the poetics of not just one MC but of an entire clique. Such is the case with the Diplomats and the figurative trope of antanaclasis. Antanaclasis is when a single word is repeated multiple times, but each time with a different meaning. For the Diplomats, the popularity of it likely began with Camron, the leading member of Dipset, who started his career rapping alongside Mase. Consider the following lines off one of his mix-tape releases: I flip China White,/my dishes white china/from China. Playing with just two words, he renders them in several distinct permutations. China white is a particular variety of heroin. White china is a generic term for dishware, and he then goes on to specify that his dishware actually is from China. What might sound like nonsense or repetition for the sake of sound alone soon reveals itself as a rhetorical figure in action.(Adam Bradley, Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. BasicCivitas, 2009) From Antanaclasis to AposiopesisHem! again said the thrifty Roland, with a slight inflection of the beetle brows. It may be next to nothing, Maamsisterjust as a butchers shop may be next to Northumberland House, but there is a vast deal between nothing and that next neighbour you have given it.This speech was so like one of my fathersso naive an imitation of that subtle reasoners use of the rhetorical figure called Antanaclasis (or repetition of the same words in a different sense), that I laughed and my mother smiled. But she smiled reverently, not thinking of the Antanaclasis, as, laying her hand on Rolands arm, she replied in the yet more formidable figure of speech called Epiphonema (or exclamation), Yet, with all your economy, you would have had usTut! cried my uncle, parrying the Epiphonema with a masterly Aposiopesis (or breaking off), tut! if you had done what I wished, I should have had more pleasure for my money!My poor mothers rhetorical armoury supplied no weapon to meet that artful Aposiopesis, so she dropped the rhetoric altogether, and went on with that unadorned eloquence natural to her, as to other great financial reformers.(Edward Bulwer Lytton, The Caxtons: A Family Picture, 1849) Serious Word PlayThe modern sensibility prefers the mechanics of a rhetorical effect to be hidden from view; anything which smacks of contrivance or artifice, any construction which leaves the scaffolding in place, is regarded with some suspicion. . . . In other words, the more obvious the pun to the reader (regardless of what feats of ingenuity went into its fabrication), the less pleasure there is to be derived from it. This is perhaps why antanaclasis, the figure in which a word occurs and is then repeated in a different sense, has never been rehabilitated . . .; the repetition flags the effects, and it shades from being clever into being clever-clever. This hasnt always been the case. In the Renaissance, obviousness was no impediment to joy: quite the opposite, in fact.(Sophie Read, Puns: Serious Wordplay. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson et al,. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Pronunciation: an-tan-ACK-la-sis

ARE TAX CUTS GOOD FOR AMERICA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ARE TAX CUTS GOOD FOR AMERICA - Essay Example For many years, the current tax collection programs have been very successful, as where the national budget has presented surplus instead of deficit. In order to obtain a better understanding, it is recommended to begin an analysis where the basic concepts regarding taxes are stated. According to Wikipedia â€Å"tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity, by a state.† (Tax, Wikipedia.org) In the case of the United States, the state is represented by the government, either federal and/or local. Nowadays, the taxation is paid in money; however, there have been cases where it is paid with labor. Taxation is not a donation, nor a voluntary payment, it is rather an imposed one or, better yet, an enforced contribution, where agencies such as Internal Revenue Services are in charge of collecting them. When taxes are not paid, either fully or partially civil and even criminal penalties are imposed upon the non paying individual or entities. In many situations the Internal Revenue Services has permitted the payer to initiate a payment program, without further penalties. (Tax, Wikipedia.org) The purpose of collecting taxes varies from state to state and even from city to city. In any case the government is allowed to use them, either for war, protection of property, law enforcement, etc. and most important of all, the operation of the government itself. In the United States, the government also uses the funds collected during the taxation process, for welfare and public services. Those services may include unemployment benefits, education systems, health care systems, pensions, and even public transportation. There exist more programs created to assist the citizens and the people with lower incomes. As it has been mentioned before, the different programs vary from one state to the other, or they are held constants, depending on the program, throughout the nation. (Tax,

Public Relation Campaign for Big Brother Big Sister Assignment

Public Relation Campaign for Big Brother Big Sister - Assignment Example You can be assured that his Big Brother or Big Sister has undergone an extensive background check because we value your child’s safety. Furthermore, all mentoring relationships are closely monitored and have the backing of professionally trained match coordinator. The Big Brother or Big Sister will assist your child in achieving success in school and preventing him from turning to drugs or alcohol. Most kids who enroll at Big Brothers Big Sisters become more confident and perform better in school. Their relationships with their families and friends greatly improve. More importantly, they feel better about themselves (Big Brothers Big Sisters of America , par 2). If you are committed to letting your child explore his vast potentials and want to develop him to become a mature, responsible and a well-rounded individual, this is the opportunity you have been waiting for. You may contact us at telephone number ____________ and we will gladly discuss with you about our programs. Big Brothers Big Sisters Australia Limited. "International connections." 2009. bigbrothersbigsisters.org. Web. 22 October 2012

Certain chemicals Essay Example for Free

Certain chemicals Essay If the process of plate tectonics were to completely stop then the ability of the Earth to create mountains through the collisions of two different plates would stop as well. This would mean that erosion would eventually abrade these mountains and the amount of sediment created by this activity would eventually reach the numerous oceans and seas. The end result would be a rise in sea level that would eventually swallow up the entire land mass of the Earth and sort of global ocean would be created as a result (Life in the universe 2001). This would of course mean the extinction of all the land based species on the surface of the planet. B. ) Weathering helps initiate the erosion of rocks, topsoil or other exposed surfaces of the Earth through either changes in the climate or weather conditions while erosion on the other hands deals in the transport of small rocky material after weathering has broken it down (Boardsman 2002). These two processes help to release valuable minerals in the soil which can be carried off to the sea to nourish it or to create land suitable for plant life (Boardsman 2002). Not only that but it is these two processes that help to regulate the landmass on the planet brought about by plate tectonics which creates new land masse. If erosions and weathering stopped the seas and oceans would not be able to get the valuable nutrients they need to support life and the surface of the Earth would be filled with massive mountains that would make it hard to live on. 2. Evaluate the following statements: A. We should not get worried about exposure to toxic chemicals because almost any chemical at a high dosage can cause harm. This statement is false. Certain chemicals at even low dosages can be fatal to human beings. For example if ingested even in tiny drops arsenic is fatal to most people and can cause an extremely painful death within hours (Gilbere 2008). Another example is sulfuric acid which can kill a person if splashed on the wrong area of the body. There is actually a wide variety of chemicals in the world today that dont rely on volume to kill as such a person should take caution when they handle, are near to or have been splashed by any sort of chemical (Gilbere 2008). B. We should not worry about exposure to UV light and toxic chemicals because though genetic adaptation, we can develop immunity to such chemicals/UV light. Genetic adaptation takes millions of years to accomplish as such overexposure today for a person without proper protection can lead to skin cancer, a variety of skin diseases, a bad sunburn, heat stroke or a variety of other maladies that affect a persons health (Guhl 2005). As such the present generation or even the next 10 generations would not be able to benefit from any developments in genetic adaptation due to the time evolve. Due to this people should be wary of their exposure to UV light and must take precautions in order not develop any skin related problems. C. We should not worry about exposure to toxic chemicals because we can use genetic engineering to reduce our susceptibility to the effects of toxic chemicals. Genetic engineering can only do so much when it comes to developing resistance to certain types of chemicals. Not only that since the process would take an incredibly long period of time due to the current level of technology but the present generation or even the one after that would not be able to benefit from it. Genetic engineering can only do so much to build up a natural resistance to an artificial substance for example strong acids can even melt rock imagine what it could do to flesh no matter how genetically improved it may be. Artificial substances and natural substances by their very nature are polar opposites as such there will always be an artificial substance that can harm a natural one no matter the level of improvement it has undergone (Gilbere 2008). Part 2: 1. Which is a better choice at the grocery store: paper bag? Plastic bag? Or tissue bag? Explain your answer None of the choices given are better choices. Paper, plastic or even tissue bags still represent the use of materials that will eventually fill up landfills and cause pollution. Paper bags are sources from trees as such their use and production means that trees which could have absorbed the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or provided support for loose top soil to prevent landslides are instead used to hold groceries. Not only that but paper bags are easily destroyed through either physical force or liquid substances. As such their reusability is rather unreliable under the best of circumstances. One recurring myth is that recycled paper bags actually help the environment unfortunately this is not true as it may seem. The trucks used to transport paper to the recycling centers, the chemicals used to remove the respective dyes from the paper as well as to sanitize it combined with the process of boiling, processing and drying actually uses up more resources and leaves a larger carbon and chemical footprint than processing an average tree into paper. Plastic bags on the other hand are more durable than paper bags and are easily reused for other purposes such as trash bags, holders or covers unfortunately though in the end they are still thrown away and unlike their paper counterparts do not break down in the environment as easily and when it comes to recycling also uses up more resources to produce than the average plastic bag. Tissue bags on the other hand are just as easily destroyed as paper bags and are just as expensive to recycle. The best choice would be to bring a cloth bag. The are sold or even given away for free at most department stores, they can be used for several years at a time and not only that they are more easily broken down in the environment as compared to plastic bags. 2. Explain how fossil fuels are formed? Fossil fuels are formed when organisms such as algae zooplankton, phytoplankton as well other organisms die settle on the sea floor. Overtime when clusters of these organisms are covered by sand and silt and the conditions are just right their organic structure starts to break down after several million years the end result is a dark liquid material that is processed by refineries and turned into modern day gasoline. The reason its called fossil fuels is due to the fact that a fossil, by definition, is the remains of a dead organism and that is what fossil fuels are. 3. Is it ever possible to be completely healthy? While it is possible through a healthy diet and adequate exercise to attain a healthy body for an extended period of time there are setbacks that happen that prevent people from being completely healthy. For example a person who tried his/ her best to be healthy through dieting or exercise can never prevent his/herself from contracting a disease, virus, sickness etc. No matter who the person is they will get sick several times over the course of their life and as such can never be classified as completely healthy (Brian 2009). 4. Can we design buildings or houses that save energy? Explain your answer Yes buildings that can save energy can be designed to saved energy can be made and are actually in existence. A lot of houses these days have an insulating material installed in-between the outer and inner wall of the house. When winter comes along this insulating material helps to keep heat in and cold out thus saving on heating bills. Another example is the use of solar panels on the roofs of houses. These days the use of solar energy panels has been advertised as a means to save electricity and to even make money off of since any excess energy produced can be sent into the local power grid and the homeowners of the solar powered house can make money off of the power company while saving energy at the same time (Flin 2006). List of References Life in the Universe. (2001). Platetectonics. Retrieved on May 19, 2010 from http://www. lifeinuniverse. org/Platetectonics-05-02-01. html Gilbere, Gloria. TOTAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT Requires Conscious LivingNot Getting-by on Auto-pilot. Total Health 30. 2 (2008): 48-50 Flin, David. Hot shots [solar powered home]. Power Engineer 20. 3 (2006): 16-19. Brian, Sarah Jane. making a of difference. Scholastic Parent Child 16. 7 (2009): 38-42. Guhl, Sven, et al. Bivalent Effect of UV Light on Human Skin Mast Cells—Low-Level Mediator Release at Baseline but Potent Suppression Upon Mast Cell Triggering. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 124. 2 (2005): 453-456 Boardman, John. The need for soil conservation in Britain – revisited. Area 34. 4 (2002): 419-427.

Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    In literature, authors have created characters that have traits that contributes to their survival in society. The qualities of shredders, adaptability, and basic human kindness enables the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to survive in his environment.   The purpose of this paper is to depict the importance of these traits or qualities to his survival.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn is able to confront complex situations because he is shrewd. Nothing is more natural or more necessary than his ability to lie.   In certain situations I will discuss how he must lie because the circumstances forced him to deception and lies and evasions are the only weapons he has to protect himself from those who are physically stronger than he. The creativity, common sense, and understanding of people of different classes give him the edge he needs to survive in a rather harsh society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has adjusted his life to that of a civilized society. Huck illustrates his shrewd thinking when he see signs that indicates his father is back. Being afraid of his father, he gives all of his money to Judge Thatcher to avoid being persecuted by his father. Protecting himself was his number one priority; he knew that if his father got the money he would get drunk and in return would abuse him. His father drunkenness become a threat to his life later on in the story and by stopping him from getting the money, he stopped his father from being an abuser at that point and time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, Huck's father returns to town to get custody of his son because he here of Huck's fortune, finally resorting to the kidnapping. Huck is locked in the cabin when Pap is not around; once he was locked up for three days. At this point and time Huck was being neglected and abuse; his father had no idea what his abusive behavior was doing to Huck until he escapes. Pap became so abusive(not realizing it because of he is always drunk), that he almost kills his son in the cabin, thinking he was the angel of death. This incident forces Huck to realize that his father is an Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    In literature, authors have created characters that have traits that contributes to their survival in society. The qualities of shredders, adaptability, and basic human kindness enables the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to survive in his environment.   The purpose of this paper is to depict the importance of these traits or qualities to his survival.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn is able to confront complex situations because he is shrewd. Nothing is more natural or more necessary than his ability to lie.   In certain situations I will discuss how he must lie because the circumstances forced him to deception and lies and evasions are the only weapons he has to protect himself from those who are physically stronger than he. The creativity, common sense, and understanding of people of different classes give him the edge he needs to survive in a rather harsh society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has adjusted his life to that of a civilized society. Huck illustrates his shrewd thinking when he see signs that indicates his father is back. Being afraid of his father, he gives all of his money to Judge Thatcher to avoid being persecuted by his father. Protecting himself was his number one priority; he knew that if his father got the money he would get drunk and in return would abuse him. His father drunkenness become a threat to his life later on in the story and by stopping him from getting the money, he stopped his father from being an abuser at that point and time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, Huck's father returns to town to get custody of his son because he here of Huck's fortune, finally resorting to the kidnapping. Huck is locked in the cabin when Pap is not around; once he was locked up for three days. At this point and time Huck was being neglected and abuse; his father had no idea what his abusive behavior was doing to Huck until he escapes. Pap became so abusive(not realizing it because of he is always drunk), that he almost kills his son in the cabin, thinking he was the angel of death. This incident forces Huck to realize that his father is an

Report on Education and Computers

An important question many Christian schools are trying to answer is â€Å"How can we fit computers into the educational process? † To answer this question we must know that computers can have at least three roles in education: Tool, Teacher or Tutor. Teachers use computers in many different ways. They use computers as tools for production purposes. Word processors, presentation software, spreadsheets, scanners, quality printers, and more combine to allow the production of the documents that help our society function. They produce web pages that make our ideas and business available to the world. They also produce school brochures, leaflets, tracks and yearbooks that rival professionally designed products. Teachers also use computers for storage and to retrieve information. Financial software, databases, spreadsheets, administrative software, grading programs, and schedulers all produce a measure of organization and efficiency that has greatly improved our educational capabilities. As a communication tool, the computer has revolutionized the world. Teachers also use computers as tools to access the seemingly infinite information resources on the Internet. As a tool, the computer†s capabilities are bound only by ou! Christian schools can also use the computer as a teacher. In the field of education, the computer has not come entirely into its own. For most Christian schools, the funds are not available to set up programs of instruction that are computercentric. For us to fully use the computer†s capabilities, we would need entire classrooms wired and networked with enough stations to teach every student correctly and efficiently. Visual aids, videos, textbooks, remarks and instructions could be made available to each student by the cilck of a button. Teachers, computers, and students could then work together for truly interactive and individualized instructions. Tests and quizzes could be given and scored right on the screen and the grades automatically registered in the teacher†s master station. Most Christian schools cannot afford more than a computer lab in which they the basics of word processing. Instead of using computers as teachers, most schools are using them as tutors. The distinction is small but important. The word â€Å"teacher† connotes classroom instruction, while â€Å"tutor† connotes individual instruction. Using this method, individual students are tutored by means of educational games or fun instructional programs. This is a grea tidea, and these are a multitude of excellent programs for just this purpose. However, these are some logistical problems.

Happy Birthday Sal

Happy Birthday Sal!!!!! This is the part where I tell you about how much I love you and how you have always been there for me and that your like the sal to my pal which you are! But I'm going to keep it plain and simple†¦. With a rap Kush rolled, glass full, We prefer the better things Niggas with no money act like money isn't everything Were having a good time, they just trying to ruin it Shout out to the fact that its Sal's fuckin 18th Birthday! Hair did, makeup on, Hottest, everytimeSal ain't trying to pop that shit for pimp okay well never mind, I I I tried to told you, Colin still ain't nothin nice Bracelet saying believe, cars saying soccer mom life Okay now we outta here Happy Birthday to my bitch And if you hatin on my bitch I got the voodoo for you bitches Sal's to busy, She just wants trouble makes enough for two niggas boy daycare payin double Sal and pal is Famous like a drug that We've taken too much of I never ever trip Just that onceI got weed in these jeans, so t hey fit me kinda snug Plus the lighter is in my pocket, nigga this is what I does. I'm about your birthday man Fuck what they be talking about, Sal and pal are fuckin dope, We the only thing that matters (oooh) So we do it how we do it Happy birthday, man, I love ya sal you know how to do it I be up all night Cause I don't really know who Imma finish this rap (oooh) Man I love my sal Man I love my sal I would die for that nigga (oooh) HAPPY BIRTHDAY SAL .

History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays The WritePass Journal

History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays Introduction History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays IntroductionWhat are miasms?The Beginning: Hahnemann Conception of Chronic DiseasesThe RelapsesThe Missing LinkThe Cause: infectious agentsThe Underlying PredispositionThe Original Malady: Psora and non-venereal chronic diseasesOpinions on The Theory of PsoraThe Categorisation of IllnessSycotic MiasmThe Inheritance FactorFirst Publication of The TheoryReception and ContradictionKlein, 2010 – 2009InterpretationsThe ResultsRelated Introduction It is the intention of this study to give an in-depth and clear understanding of the theory of miasms, in order to comprehend them and identify its practical application. Homeopathy society has always been divided over the question of miasms. Since the time of Hahnemann, this theory has remained controversial (Bathia, 2007). The dissidents have taken the position that this theory need not be an essential part of Homeopathy as it is still possible practises it successfully without accepting this theory (Pitt, 2008). Author will make a discussion here to recognize what led Hahnemann to enunciate his chronic diseases theory and to determine if it is useful in the management of chronic cases in Homeopathic practice. Next it would be discuss its development, exploring the fact that a large number of homeopaths believe that miasms of Hahnemann are nothing but bacteria and viruses (Bathia, 2007). Then there are spiritual followers of Kent who believe in the non-material nature of miasms and call it a predisposition or dyscrasia (Pitt, 2008). Lately an approach of how are Miasms classified from the new perspectives such as genetic and epigenetic, embryology, Facial analysis, prototypes, periodic table, as all of them claim to follow the teachings from the Master (Klein, 2009). The other controversial issue to be look at is the number of Miasms, with two clear tendencies the three way model of miasms (psora, sycosis and syphilis) and from this up to eleven miasms as Sankaran have identify. (Klein, 2009) So the main objective of this project is to attempt to clarify and identify the different currents on the theory since Hahnemann make public his discovery until nowadays. What are miasms? The word miasm originates from the Greek word â€Å"Miasma† which means a stain, pollution, defilement of a noxious atmosphere or infective material. It was first used by Hippocrates to refer to a certain taint in the air (Kiple,1993)The term â€Å"miasm† was commonly in use in Hahnemann’s day and referred to some noxious, unseen influence in the air that made one sick. A quick look to an early dictionary definition of the term miasm, closer to the time of Hahnemann’s use, show the follow meaning â€Å"Miasm, is the effluvia or fine particles of any putrefying matter, rising and floating in the atmosphere, and dangerous to health: noxious exhalations, emanations, or effluvia: malaria: infectious substances floating in the air †. (Casell, 1902) Germ theory was further developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and Robert Koch in the 1870s, but it is important to understand that there is an abyss between Hahnemann’s dynamic conception of disease and the more material one of Pasteur and Koch (conventional medicine) (Verspoor, 1999) Sterner (2007) clarifies that the germ theory after revealed it soon prevailed over miasmic theory. Hahnemann, during his lifetime, discovered that a â€Å"noxious agent† was responsible for the persistence of the disease condition. He named this a miasm. The chronic diseases originate on chronic parasite miasms or germs, now referred to as chronic parasitic microorganisms. (Tyler, 2007). In other words it is a contagion that can provide the foundation for chronic disease (Choudhury, 2007). The Master (2003 ed.) in his last edition of the Organon on aphorism 78, postulates that veritable chronic illnesses are the ones that emerges from chronic miasms. If they are not treated properly with homeopathy CD becomes greater and tortures the patient until his death, regardless of the patients’ habits. In analysing Hahnemann’s writings, Dimitriadis (2005), emphasizes Master’s own definition of miasm; that is in fact an infectious agent, meaning any ainfectious substance dangerous for health. Taylor (2002) proposed that Hahnemann was using the term miasm in the inclusive rather than the particular meaning, in addition Dimitriadis (2005) clarifies that Hahnemann stated precisely the word infection in a wide implication particularly when he expressed that after the external stimulus impact on the body the vital force is primarily affected. Is been stressed that Hahnemann point out in all his works that miasms are not diseases themselves, if not the causation (Sarkar, 1968) Hahnemann also describes the gradually diminishing virulence via increasing immunity (Dudgeon, 1989: 166). On the other hand Dimitriadis (2005) states that any propensity to use the word miasm to describe tendency to disease (dyscrasia, diathesis or taint) is mistaken. Instead Bathia (2007) points out that although Hahnemann truly believed in the infectious nature of disease and considered miasms as infectious agent, conversely he also considered disease as dynamic, non-physical and its origin as a dynamic predisposition to illness. He goes on argue that Hahnemann shows confusion on his last writings on the 6th edition of the Organon, as in one hand is stating that Cholera is caused by living microorganism but on the other hand he is saying that nothing material could be found in ill persons due to illness come from the dynamic perturbation of the Vital force. Bathia concludes that this and other statements on master’s writing confuse the next generations and the world of miasms has become more chaotic. Moreover Vithoulkas (1980) the classic well known homeopath, defines a miasm as a tendency toward chronic disease underlying the acute manifestations of a disease, which is spreadable from generation to generation, and which may respond beneficially to the corresponding nosode prepared from either pathological tissue or from the appropriate drug or vaccine. Further research by Dr. Banarjea (2006) lead him to define miasm as â€Å"an invisible, dynamic principle† which is absorbed into the human organism. This causes a stigma in the constitution, which can only be removed by the correct anti-miasmatic medicine. He goes on to argue that without the correct treatment the miasm will continue and will be pass on the next generation. Heudens-Mast (2005) concurs that miasms are the basis of all disease. Miasms can be inherited or acquired from contagion or suppression. She concludes that the only way to truly help the patients is by addressing the miasms. Alternatively, Dr. Tomas Paschero (2000) defined miasma as a vibratory alteration of man’s vital force, which regulates the constitution and behaviour, conversely he negates the infectious aspect of miasms. In fact the definition of miasms during the course of the homeopathic history has marked the practice application, dividing the profession in two major groups, those who believed in the bacteria origin and those who believed in the spiritual nature of the miasms.   After evaluating Hahnemann’s conception of chronic diseases, the differences between these two majors groups would be analysed. The Beginning: Hahnemann Conception of Chronic Diseases The Relapses Hahnemann formulated the miasmatic theory of disease in his 7th decade, documented in his book The Chronic Disease (Watson, 2009). After formulating the Law of Similar and developing the provings, he enjoyed early success treating acute and epidemic illness, however he came across cases which the initial improvement cease (Tyler, 2007, Handley, 1997). His cases were overshadowed by old symptoms, which didn’t respond to the apparently well choose remedy (Haehl, 2003). He also experimented the emergence of new symptoms, which reacted inadequately to the remedies, and finally he states that the remedies were not better than palliatives, as the acute attacks tended to become more frequent and more serious over the time (Klein, 2009). In other words Hahnemann admitted that the Law of Similar although carefully applied doesn’t not always lead to success. (Whichmann, 2006). According to Choudhury (2006) Hahnemann thought it could be five reasons responsible for this failure, firstly referent to the law of similar which may not be of general application, next the number of medicines may be too short to cover all kind of illness, following a misuse of the law of similar, after an oblivion in the totality of symptoms, and last there might be some obstacles which previse perdurable recovery. Consequently, Hahnemann expended day and night working on long term patient’s cases to arrive to the root of the problem (Tyler, 2007), until he reached the conclusion that there is an obstacle in the organism that cannot be removed with medicines or the healthiest diet or disappear by itself. He named this obstacle a â€Å"miasm†. The Missing Link Hahnemann is know as very self-critic, and this censorious part of him, prevented him to be indifferent to the problem, he didn’t console himself with the magnificent acute cures, or looking for more remedies as many on the contrary followers urged, on the contrary Hahnemann knew that the problem lay not in the quantity but in the quality, in his lack of knowledge of illness. And so he took a though task to understand the disease (Decker 1999) Thereby at his 73 years and after 12 years of analysis of thousands of trials, cases, analysis, reflection and hard work, he discovered the reason why the homeopathic remedies did not lead to true cure of the chronic diseases (Dhawale, 2004). Thus he arrived to a profound notion in the treatment of chronic illness, which he first communicated to two of his most deserving disciples, in 1827, Staph and Gross, (Haehl, 2003) which for his surprise react with embarrassment, they were horrified, fearing for a further negative reaction to homeopathy (Handley, 1997). Not much later he wrote a letter to Baumgartner, declaring that his system was imperfect and defective without this missing link. (Bradford, 2004)    The Cause: infectious agents It have to be stressed before continue with the history of Hahnemann conception of chronic diseases, that Hahnemann initially used the word miasm to refer to what we would know as infectious diseases (Tyler, 2007), she also draws attention that by chronic diseases Hahnemann didn’t meant those consequence from continual inadequate environment, overindulgence or too much worries, because those will disappear in its own, without any treatment if the circumstances change, so it would be inappropriate to call them chronic diseases. Tyler light up that Hahnemann conception of disease was a microorganism, which will not vanish even with the most accurately mental and body habits. Is often quoted that Hahnemann when referring to infectious agents was talking about parasites, bacteria or viruses, without the help of a microscope, remarks and statements which went in advance of bacterial knowledge of many illnesses more than fifty year before of Koch’s discovery of the cholera bacteria. (Sarkar, 1968) Recent authors stressed similar views and even believe hat Hahnemann should be claimed as the Father of Bacteriology. (Choudhury 2006; Kanjilal 1977) However the preliminaries had already been set in place in many directions, scientist had been discussing the idea for some time. The existence of microorganisms had become recognized in medical science even 75 years before Hahnemann’s births and sources of specific contagion had already been put forward as a causation of diseases, at least 130 years earlier. (Ott, 1996) So for Klein (2009) it was an evident step forward to grasp and seize the word miasm and encompass his theory on the origin of CD. In fact Hahnemann’s theory of masked chronic illness, was very similar to the theory of diatheses, contemporary at Hahnemann’s time. However the exceptional stamp that Hahnemann marked his theory made it genuine and turned many people away from it (Handley, 1990) Another common critic make to the Master’s theory, is the allopathic approach, that some identifies on it. Watson (2009) on his examinations of miasmatic theory states that Hahnemann acquired an allopathic mode of rationale within his theory of chronic disease, looking for cause and fighting against it. The Underlying Predisposition The conclusions that Hahnemann drew from his profound study, allowed him to identify a profound level of diseases, or on other words the cause of an underlying predisposition. He observes that infections that patients contracted in the course of their life left a vital impact that led to relapses of the initial symptoms or the rise of more serious and chronic diseases. (Klein, 2009) While looking for these underlying diseases, Hahnemann look through the medical records of his patients searching for common factors in order to explain the nature of their illness. This was the beginning of his understanding into recognizing patterns of symptoms. (Haehl, 2003) This led him first to recognize the two known venereal diseases, which were chronic, infectious and inheritable in nature, syphilis and sycosis, as two of the masked causes of chronic diseases. He treated venereal diseases as an acute infectious diseases and saw chronic consequences to these illness,   nevertheless, these two cannot be reckon as the cause of all the chronic cases, so Hahnemann comprehend that the cause of the other chronic diseases does not lay on the venereal miasmas. (Verspoor, 1999) In this way his dwells were on the cause behind of all non-venereal chronic diseases, he realized that the original malady had to be of a chronic and infectious nature, as the chronic venereal miasm already defined. The Original Malady: Psora and non-venereal chronic diseases In his research on patients’ chronic cases, Hahnemann observed a common eruption of itch in their medical history; on top of that he proposed that this itch influenced the start of the evolution of the whole chronic disease process. (Dimitriadis, 2005) He declared Psora as the most primitive, common and dangerous and misinterpreted miasmatic disease. According to Hahnemann Psora is the sole and unique producer of non-venereal disease. (Choudhury, 2006) Can be suggested that what Hahnemann stated is that all these non-venereal chronic diseases are apparently separate parts of a single, sound rooted chronic disease process (Internal Psora), which develops after an infection from the psoric miasm (infectious agent, stimulus) (Dimitriadis, 2005, p.15-17) thus we come to the unavoidable deduction that the miasm is an external stimulus, and so Psora Miasm is not the same as Psora the disease, and is not a predisposition to disease quite the opposite is the diseased condition itself (Sarkar, 1968) However a predisposition to emerge a variety of disease is related to the suffer of internal Psora, but is not a dyscrasia or diathesis (Close, 2005). Hahnemann claimed that 7 of eight of human disease originated from infection of the Psora miasm, and the rest arose from infection with sycosis and syphilis miasm. It needs to be mentioned, that this state is highly speculative on Hahnemann’s side, as Dimitriadis (2005) lights up Hahnemann could not know that fact, even himself change his opinion on whether Psora was the cause of all or most non venereal diseases. Much of the initial criticism with the miasm theory came from, the fact that Hahnemann attributed too many chronic disease to just Psora. The symptoms attributed to Psora in Chronic Diseases (Hahnemann, 1998) are generally assigned to â€Å"leprosy† and â€Å"Scabies† which were experienced in some form or another by every living person and flourished through centuries without healing or being suppressed, progressing to secondary symptoms. The treatment of this illness were suppressive with lead, arsenic, calomel equivalent to antibiotic and steroidal medicines of today, which never cure the underlying disease (Klein, 2009) In addition DSouza   (2005) states that this treatments never brought any cure to the underlying illness. Instead the effect of those suppressions cause a deep taint on the vital force, compromising and weaken the vital force. Hahnemann (1998) attributed all diseases expressions such as inflammatory responses of internal organs and its further development as due to the suppression and incorrect treatment of symptoms of the primary psora over the centuries. Hahnemann identified Sulphur as the main remedy for Psora. Opinions on The Theory of Psora The reaction in front of the new theory, from his contemporaries was as negative as Hahnemann expected to be (Verspoor, 1999). Wolf, Giessen, Jahr, Trinks, Schron and many more refused and criticized the itch theory. However Stapf, Boenninghausen, Hering, were supporters of the master and followed the new doctrine with enthusiasm. (Bradford, 2004, Haehl, 2003) In 1836 Griesselich summarized the judgment of the contemporary homeopaths on the Psora doctrine in one sentence: â€Å"I have enquired from all homeopaths, if they recognized Psora as the original evil, and must confess, that I do not remember † (Handley, 1990, p.84) Hahnemann remained firm to his strict doctrine after all the comments received and break off friendly relations, he was very furious about it and reject all non-believing. (Haehl, 2003) The Categorisation of Illness Table 1.1    Psora Sycosis Syphilis Mental          Physical                                                                                     Sycotic Miasm The Inheritance Factor Founder wrote that miasms could be transmitted from generation to generation. He makes this discovery much before the science of genetic appears. So when a baby is born, he is got certain dormant illness, which in function of triggers during life can be aroused. The follow direct quotations from Organon 6th edition, constitute evidence that Hahnemann postulated that miasms are inherited. (Klein, 2009, Verspoor, 1999)  §284   Since Psora is usually communicated through the milk of the wet nurse to most nursing infants if they do not already possess Psora by inheritance from the mother, they are then at the same time protected anti-psorically in the indicated manner by means of the medicinal milk of the wet nurse. But the care of mothers in their first pregnancy is indispensable by means of a gentle anti-psoric treatment, especially by means of the new dynamizations of sulphur described in this edition ( §270), in order to extirpate in the mothers and in the fruit of their womb the Psora (engenderess of most of the chronic diseases) already imparted to the mothers through inheritance, and almost always present in them, so that their progeny might be protected against it in advance. First Publication of The Theory He first published the ideas in Chronic Disease in 1828, in his 4th edition of Organon and on the new title Chronic Diseases, Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure, and shortly afterwards he starts to use this theory on his prescribing methods, therefore were the result of the new theory. (Handley, 1997) The reactions were several, many who followed Hahnemann simply thought that wasn’t enough remedies, but Hahnemann rejected this idea and considered as a mere subterfuge. (Tyler, 2007) According to Verspoor (1999) Hahnemann didn’t expect his new discovery or himself to be accepted with affection or enthusiasm and much less to be understood, not even by his followers.    Reception and Contradiction Klein, 2010 – 2009 Interpretations    The Results It cannot be stressed enough that this must have been an enormous work for Hahnemann at his 73 years old, however the contemporaries and successors have not hesitate to make her critics both positive and adverse on his CD clinical outcome. A Hahnemann expert, after investigating the patient’s records of the master from 1836-1842, wrote: â€Å"It is an open secret that the progress of Hahnemann’s patients was generally not convincing†Ã‚   (Reinhard, 2006) On this line, Whichmann (2009) states that Hahnemann had had little time after the postulation of his new theory to practice it and so he suggest whether we have to use the first draft of the theory of miasms or we have to keep to developing or even withdraw. Hahnemann was very flexible and self critic as is being pointed already, he was always questioning himself and his results, as matter of fact on his first edition of the Organon Hahnemann presents his law of similar as the most important thing, and twenty years later he change his opinion, expressed on his Organon and chronic disease. (Whichmann, 2009) Controversially Klein (2009) states that master was recompensed and recognized with more success in the treatment of his patient suffering from long-term diseases. In spite of the consideration has to be made whether Hahnemann’s case taking was as detailed as is today, to reveal the true chronic state of the person and therefore the most accurate remedy. Another point to considerer on the results of Samuel Hahnemann is the influence of the other two miasms, syphilis and sycosis.   Hahnemann described them from the miasmatic infectious origin given a clear picture, however he doesn’t make the connection between them.

How to Write a Memo

How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo By Mark Nichol The memo may seem like a thing of the past, long ago supplanted by the email message. However, its general format can be applied to electronic communications, and the hard-copy memo still has its place in businesses and other organizations, especially when providing context for a print publication or another physical object being distributed among a group of people. Here are guidelines about format and organization of a memo. The full form of memo, memorandum the equally acceptable plural forms are memoranda and memorandums means â€Å"to be remembered,† and though memos often serve as reminders, they may also introduce a resource or call attention to an event, a policy, or an issue. Memos are useful for informing or reminding multiple people about something. The only reason to circulate a printed memo rather than email the intended recipients, however, is to minimize the risk that sensitive information will be distributed outside that limited audience, though hard copy can also be leaked to or otherwise appropriated by outside parties. (In that case, it might be best to avoid documentation altogether and circulate the information in person or by telephone.) Therefore, as stated above, the following recommendations are best suited for electronic transmission or for cases in which a memo accompanies an object. Select the recipients carefully to avoid introducing inefficiency by being too inclusive or inviting resentment by deliberately or inadvertently excluding certain parties. If a superior has requested that you send the memo or will benefit from reading its contents (or simply from knowing that you sent it), be sure to include that person, but take care not to distribute it to upper management unless it is essential information for them; alternatively, you can leave it to your immediate supervisor to decide whether to pass the memo along to his or her superior(s). Keep in mind, too, the nature of the memo and the culture of the business or organization when determining the degree of formality with which you refer to people or how you write the memo in general. Format a memo with single line spaces, justified to the left margin, and use line spaces rather than indented first lines of paragraphs to distinguish small blocks of text. Use clear, concise, direct language, and employ headings and bullet or numbered lists to outline the main points. The first section, the header, should include four components: a â€Å"to† field with recipients’ names and job titles, a â€Å"from† field with the sender’s name and job title, the full date, and a short but specific subject line. Introduce the topic in the first paragraph by providing the memo’s purpose (for example, to explain the reason for distributing a printed document), the context of the topic (the importance to the recipients and the company or organization of the document), and the expected outcome (the recipients should read the document and perhaps be prepared to discuss it at an upcoming meeting). In the sentences (or brief paragraphs) that follow, expand on the context and the task, then elaborate on any points before summarizing the topic and closing with a comment about any follow-up action required or requested (such as asking for recommendations or other responses, or a reference to a scheduled meeting or other event). Headings should be specific (â€Å"Ethics Policy Recommendations,† rather than simply â€Å"Recommendations,† for example), and lists are best restricted to a few phrases or brief statements. Remember, too, that memos (like any other form of writing) should clearly convey the writer’s purpose and associate that purpose with the interests and/or needs of the recipient(s). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Coca cola Global Marketing strategies Research Paper

Coca cola Global Marketing strategies - Research Paper Example One can easily find Coke’s soft drinks anywhere in the world due to their efficient distribution system. Coca-Cola’s Marketing Strategies Global marketing strategy has been adopted by Coca-Cola. They consider the whole world as a single market place and uniform marketing strategy has been in use by Coca-cola for several years, but now different marketing campaigns are being designed for different regions of the world due to change in trends. Business decisions are initialized on a domestic basis to fit in with the cultural and societal needs of the domestic country. Coca-Cola went global in the 1920s. Coca-Cola decided to take its operations worldwide and started marketing research in China, Central America, and in a lot of other countries. Successful and efficient marketing research paved way for Coca-cola to produce on a global scale in various parts of the world (United States Securities and Exchange Commission 33). The Company has got such an extensive distribution and bottlers system that its products are available the world over. Coca cola beverage is available at each and every retail outlet. There are numerous reasons why Coca-Cola opted to globalize its products. The prospect to sell Coca-Cola worldwide existed because it is a product which can be consumed by everyone irrespective of age and gender, all over the world. Advertising has been strong enough to create demand for Coca-Cola worldwide. However, advertising has to be aligned with the culture of the respective countries. An adapted marketing mix means adjusting the mix with the prevailing culture, geographic, economic and other differences in different countries. Different languages and cultures caused problems. The bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It permits them to carry out their operations on a global scale while at the same time keep a national approach. Brand image is an important factor moving Coke’s sale. The brand name of Coca-Cola is very well re cognized all over the world. Packaging changes have also impacted industry positioning and sales. The bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of countless growth opportunities the world over. This strategy enables Coke to service a large geographic, diverse, area. The threat of new crucial competitors in the carbonated soft drink industry is not very extensive. The threat of substitutes, however, is a very real threat. The soft drink industry is very strong. Possible substitutes that continuously exert pressure on both Pepsi and Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk, and hot chocolate. Coca-Cola constantly evaluates their supply chain model so as to fit in the local dynamics of the market and recognizing different service needs from our customers, analyze the way we go to market, at the same time as looking for a more competent supply chain model. They rolled various new distribution models throughout their regions looking for improvements in their supply chain ne twork. In Saudi Arabia, advertising forms the essence of the marketing strategy i.e. print, outdoor, and electronic media. The global strategy for Coca-Cola here means that they provide standardized products throughout the world but promote it in a local way. McDonalds even has the same strategy â€Å"Think Local, Act Global†. Their main strategies in the Middle East were to position the products by localizing, bringing new products and innovative packaging. In the Middle East such as Saudi Arabia and UAE we know that

Mangmnt 3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mangmnt 3010 - Essay Example The company can maintain itself through the effect of the implementation of this leadership style by hiring new employees. So, if the company engages in mere routine and unskilled jobs, it is easy to hire new employees without ill effects to company management and production. The tactical plan and actions to address Autocratic Leadership has its basic foundation in ensuring that the leadership style suits company goals and the company’s capacity to maintain such leadership style. From this, other plans may arise to ensure employee loyalty. This system of rewards has been proven as a good means to keep employees under control. A system of rewards as defined by a business dictionary as â€Å"procedures, rules, and standards associated with allocation of benefits and compensation to employees† may be put into play. The company can devise steps for the giving of incentives, bonuses, and benefits to those who will continue to work well and obey management. Rewards may also b e given for employees who continue to stay with the company, perhaps a bonus for every three year anniversary. A government agency, NASA, defines employee relations as â€Å"involving the body of work concerned with the maintenance of employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† This leaves no room for conflict or problems between co-employees and management. Management must ensure and maintain employees happy, creative and enthusiastic. By keeping employees in such a state, they will work better for the interests of the company. It is for this reason that the Florida Atlantic University promotes the creation of a positive environment and relationships based on good management practices and workplace behaviors. There are courses of action to create a positive environment and

How to keep your body in a good shape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to keep your body in a good shape - Essay Example However, one should only read that which has substantial depth and those that have mind stimulating qualities. It is also crucial to take time off cognitive activities to improve memory and other cognitive skills. This is concerning taking beaks and recesses from time to time, as they help in building one’s retention and attention span. This way, cognitive skills such as critical and logical thinking remain sharp at all times and boosts quick learning. This works hand in hand with improved task coordination, concentration, and planning. Physically, it is crucial to keep the body in good shape through physical exercises as they increase the flow of blood in the body. The first and easiest way to keep one’s body physically in shape is taking a walk in the yard or walking the dog, if you have one (Templeton). Moreover, Yoga and tai chi are good techniques for keeping the mind in motion and stretching respectively. These physical exercises not only keep the mind and blood flow active, but also ward off certain illnesses, which include Alzheimers and dementia, as well as signs of aging. This occurs due to the relationship between the brain and the cardiovascular system. The use of drugs has profound effects on our bodies concerning maintaining health. As a result, to remain in good shape it is in our best interests to control our ailments such as colds and other personality disorders without the use of drugs or medication. Because of this, the body does not develop dependency on the drugs and medication meaning that one can act and live normally in their absence. In addition, failure to use drugs cuts back on the risk of developing resistance for mainstream medication thus, boosting health. In addition, at times, drugs and medication result in treating symptoms and not the condition that one suffers from resulting in worsening of the condition. Finally, in case of safety, one should avoid

Detecting Complex Image Data Using Data Mining Techniques

Detecting Complex Image Data Using Data Mining Techniques Detecting complex image data using data mining techniques IMRAN KHAN ABSTRACT The Internet, computer networks and information are vital resources of current information trend and their protection has increased in importance in current existence. The intrusion detection system (IDS) plays a vital role to monitors vulnerabilities in network and generates alerts when found attacks. Today the educational network services increasing day today so that IDS becomes essential for security on internet. The Intrusion data classification and detection process is very complex process in network security. In current network security scenario various types of Intrusion attack are available some are known attack and some are unknown attack. The attack of know Intrusion detection used some well know technique such as signature based technique and rule based technique. In case of unknown Intrusion attack of attack detection is various challenging task. In current trend of Intrusion detection used some data mining technique such as classification and clustering. The process of c lassification improves the process of detection of Intrusion. In this dissertation used graph based technique for Intrusion classification and detection. This dissertation proposes efficient intrusion detection architecture which named IDS using improved ensemble techniques (IDSIET). The IDSIET contains a new improved algorithm of attribute reduction which combines rough set theory and a method of establishing multiple rough classifications and a process of identifying intrusion data. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of proposed architecture. Our proposed work is implemented in MATLAB .for implementation purpose write various function and script file for implementation of our proposed architecture. For the test of our hybrid method, we used DARPA KDDCUP99 dataset. This data set is basically set of network intrusion and host intrusion data. This data provided by UCI machine learning website. Proposed method compare with exiting ensemble techniques and generate the improved ensemble technique to getting better result such as detection rate, precision and recall value. Keywords- Intrusion Detection System (IDS), IDSIET, Neural Network, rough set theory, Network Security, MATALAB, KDDCUP99 Dataset. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE Comparison with linear scale-space representation While not being used explicitly in SURF, we take interest here in the approximation of Gaussian kernels by box filters to understand the advantages and the limitations of the SURF approach. 3.1 Scale-space representation linear scale space The linear scale-space representation of a real valued image u : R2 7→ R defined on a continuous domain is obtained by a convolution with the Gaussian kernel uÏÆ' := GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u (1) where GÏÆ' is the centered, isotropic and separable 2-D Gaussian kernel with variance ÏÆ'2 ∀(x,y) ∈R2, GÏÆ'(x,y) := 1 2Ï€ÏÆ'2 e−x2+y2 2ÏÆ'2 = gÏÆ'(x)gÏÆ'(y) and gÏÆ'(x) = 1 √2π ·ÃÆ'e− x2 2ÏÆ'2 . (2) The variable ÏÆ' is usually referred to as the scale parameter. Discrete scale space In practice, for the processing of a numerical image u, this continuous filter is approximated using regular sampling, truncation and normalization: ∀i,j ∈J−K,KK GÏÆ'(i,j) = 1 CK GÏÆ'(i,j) , where CK = K Xi,j =−K GÏÆ'(i,j). (3) The scale variable ÏÆ' is also sampled, generally using a power law, as discussed later in  § 3.2. Discrete box space Making use of the aforementioned box filter technique, such a multi-scale representation can be (very roughly) approximated using a box filter with square domain Γ = J−Î ³,ÃŽ ³KÃâ€"J−Î ³,ÃŽ ³K uÃŽ ³ := 1 (2ÃŽ ³ + 1)2 BΓ âˆâ€"u. (4) The question now is how to set the parameter ÃŽ ³ ∈ N to get the best approximation of Gaussian zoom-out. Second moment comparison One may for instance choose to match the second order moment ÏÆ'2 of the 1D Gaussian gÏÆ' and the variance of the corresponding box filter, as suggested by [7]. This leads to the relation ÏÆ'2 ÃŽ ³ = ÃŽ ³ Xi =−Î ³ i2 2ÃŽ ³ + 1 = (2ÃŽ ³ + 1)2 −1 12 = ÃŽ ³(ÃŽ ³ + 1) 3 , (5) where ÏÆ'2 ÃŽ ³ is the variance of the centered 1D box filter with width 2ÃŽ ³ + 1. Thus, for large values of filter size (ÃŽ ³ 1), we get approximately ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³ ≈ ÃŽ ³ √3 ≈ 0.58ÃŽ ³. Since ÃŽ ³ ∈ N takes integer values, ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³and ÏÆ' cannot match exactly in general. Moreover, due to the anisotropy of the box filter in 2D, it is impossible to match the covariance matrices. SURF scale parameter analogy Note that box filters are only used to approximate first and second order of Gaussian derivatives in SURF algorithm, and not to approximate Gaussian filtering like in [7]. However, when considering the approximation of second order Gaussian derivative Dxx GÏÆ'(x,y) = Dxx gÏÆ'(x)Ãâ€"gÏÆ'(y) = 1 ÏÆ'22 ÏÆ'2 −1gÏÆ'(x)Ãâ€"gÏÆ'(y) By these condition order box filter operator DLxx, we can see that the1D Gaussian filter gÏÆ'(y) is approximated by 1D box filter with parameter ÃŽ ³ = L−1 2. The authors of SURF claim that the corresponding Gaussian scale is ÏÆ' = 1.2 3 L ≈ 0.8ÃŽ ³for ÃŽ ³ 1, which is close but dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent to the value given by Formula (5): ÏÆ'ÃŽ ³ ≈ 0.58ÃŽ ³. Other analogies could have been made for scale variables, for instance by considering zero crossing of second order derivative of Gaussians, second moment of Gaussian derivatives, mean-square error minimization, but each one provides dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent relations. In conclusion, defining a relation between the box parameters (L and `(L)) and the Gaussian scale variable ÏÆ' seems quite arbitrary. Visual comparison Figure 8 illustrates the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence between the linear scale-space representation obtained by Gaussian filtering and the box-space, that is its approximation by box-filters when using relation (5). While being roughly similar, the approximated scale-space exhibits some strong vertical and horizontal artifacts due to the anisotropy and the high frequencies of the box kernels. Again, while it is not being used explicitly in SURF, these artifacts may explain some of the spurious detections of the SURF approach that will be exhibited later on. 3.2 Box-space sampling Because of the dentition of first and second order box filters, the size parameter L cannot be chosen arbitrarily. The sampling values and the corresponding variables used to mimic the linear scale space analysis. The following paragraphs give more detailed explanations. Octave decomposition Alike most multi-scale decomposition approaches (see e.g. [13, 15]), the box-space discretization in SURF relies on dyadic sampling of the scale parameter L. The box length representation is therefore divided into octaves (similarly to SIFT [14, 13]), which are indexed by parameter o ∈{1,2,3,4}, where a new octave is created for every doubling of the kernel size. Note that, in order to save computation time, the filtered image is generally sub-sampled of factor two at every octave, as done for instance by SIFT [14]. As pointed out by the author of SURF [2], sub-sampling is not necessary with the use of box filters, since the computation time complexity does not depends on scale. However, while not being explicitly stated in the original paper [2], but as done in most implementations we have reviewed (for instance, this approximation is used in [3] but not in [5]), we choose to use sub-sampling to speed up the algorithm. More precisely, instead of evaluating the multi-scale operators at each pixel, we use a sampling†step† which depends on the octave level (this sampling is detailed in the next sections). Note that this strategy is consistent with the fact that the number of features is decreasing with respect to scale. Level sampling Each octave is also divided in several levels (indexed here by the parameter i ∈ {1,2,3,4}). In the usual discrete scale space analysis, these levels correspond directly to the desired sampling of the scale variable ÏÆ', which parametrizes the discretized Gaussian kernels GÏÆ' (see definition in Eq. (16)). In SURF, the relation between scale L, octave o and level i variables is L := 2o i + 1 . (6) These values are summarized in Table 2. Note that because of the non-maxima suppression involved in the feature selection, only intermediate levels are actually used to define interest points and local descriptors (i ∈{2,3}). On comparison of the box space and the linear scale space. (Top) Convolution with squared and centered box filters with radii ÃŽ ³ = 5 and ÃŽ ³ = 20 (respectively from left to right). (Middle) Corresponding Gaussian filters with respective scales ÏÆ'5 ≈ 3.16 and ÏÆ'20 ≈ 11.83, according to formula (5). Dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence between Gaussian and Box filters (using a linear transform for visualization). We can see here that the box space is a rough approximation of the Gaussian scale space, that exhibits some artifacts due to the anisotropy and the high frequencies of the box kernels. Scale analogy with linear scale space As discussed before in Section 3.1, we can define a scale analysis variable by analogy with the linear scale space decomposition. In [2], the scale parameter ÏÆ'(L) associated with octave o and level i is obtained by the following relation ÏÆ'(L) := 1.2 3(2o Ãâ€"i + 1) = 0.4L. (7) Since the relation between the scale ÏÆ'(L) of an interest point is linear in the size parameter L of box filters operators, we shall speak indià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erently of the former or the latter to indicate the scale. Remark A finer scale-space representation could be obtained (i.e. with sub-pixel values of L) using a bilinear interpolation of the image, as suggested in [2]. This is not performed in the proposed implementation. 3.3 Comparison with Gaussian derivative operators 3.3.1 First order operators The first order box filters DL x and DL y defined at scale L are approximations of the first derivatives of Gaussian kernel at the corresponding scale ÏÆ'(L) (see Eq. (7)), respectively corresponding to Dx GÏÆ'(x,y) = − x ÏÆ'2(L) GÏÆ'(x,y) and Dy GÏÆ'(x,y). These operators are used for local feature description, in detailed we compares the first order box filter impulse response with the discretized Gaussian derivative kernel. DL x ÃŽ ´ (Eq. (6)) Dx GÏÆ'(L) Illustration of the discrete derivative operator DL x (defined in Section 2.3.1) and discretization of the Gaussian derivative kernel Dx GÏÆ'(L) when using scale relation ÏÆ'(L) from Eq. (7). 3.3.2 The second order operators Second order dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erential operators are computed in the scale-space for the detection of interest points [9, 10]. In the linear scale-space representation, this boils down to the convolution with second derivatives of Gaussian kernels Dxx GÏÆ'(x,y) = 1 ÏÆ'22 ÏÆ'2 −1GÏÆ'(x,y), Dyy GÏÆ', and Dxy GÏÆ'(x,y) = xy ÏÆ'4 GÏÆ'(x,y). (8) In the SURF approach, the convolution with theses kernels are approximated by second order box filters, previously introduced respectively as DL xx, DL yy , and DL xy . A visual comparison between second order derivatives of Gaussian and their analogous with box filters. These operators are required for local feature selection step in section 4. 3.3.3 Scale Normalization According to [12], dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erential operators have to be normalized when applied in linear scale space in order to achieve scale invariance detection of local features. More precisely, as it can be seen from Equation (21), the amplitude of the continuous second order Gaussian derivative filters decreases with scale variable ÏÆ' by a factor 1 ÏÆ'2. To balance this eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect, second order operators are usually normalized by ÏÆ'2, so that we get for instance (a) (b) (c) (d) On comparison of second order box filters and second order derivative of Gaussian kernels. (a) operator DL yy; (b) discretizedsecondorderGaussianderivative D2 y GÏÆ'; (c) operator DL xy; (d) discretized second order Gaussian derivative Dxy GÏÆ'; For comparison purpose, we used again the scale relation ÏÆ'(L) from Eq. (7). †¢ the scale-normalized determinant of Hessian operator: DoHÏÆ' (u) :=uÏÆ' −(Dxy uÏÆ')2; (9) †¢ the scale-normalized Laplacian operator: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃÆ' u := ÏÆ'2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   uÏÆ' = ÏÆ'2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u = ÏÆ'2(Dxx + Dyy)GÏÆ' âˆâ€"u = ÏÆ'2(Dxx uÏÆ' + Dyy uÏÆ'), (10) where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃÆ' GÏÆ'(x,y) = ÏÆ'2(Dxx +Dyy)à ¢- ¦GÏÆ'(x,y) =x2+y2 ÏÆ'2 −1GÏÆ'(x,y) is the multi-scale Laplacian of Gaussian. Observe that this operator can be obtained from the Trace of the scalenormalized Hessian matrix. These two operators are widely used in computer vision for feature detection. They are also approximatedinSURF,asdetailedinthenextsections. Asaconsequence, suchascale-normalization is also required with box filters to achieve similar invariance in SURF. To do so, the authors proposed that amplitude of operators DL xx , DL yy , and DL xy should be reweighted so that the l2 norms of normalized operators become constant over scales. The quadratic l2 norm of operators are estimated from the squared Frobenius norm of impulse responses kDL xxk2 2 := kDL xx ÃŽ ´k2 F = kDL yy ÃŽ ´k2 F =1 + 1 + (−1)2L(2L−1) = 6L(2L−1), so that kDL xxk2 2 ≈ 12L2 when L=1, and kDL xyk2 2 := kDL xy ÃŽ ´k2 F =1 + 1 + (−1)2 + (−1)2LÃâ€"L = 4L2. This means that box filters responses should be simply divided by the scale parameter L to achieve scale invariance detection. Interest point detection: In the previous sections, second order operators based on box filters have been introduced. These operators are multi-scale and may be normalized to yield scale invariant response. We will now take interest in their use for multi-scale local feature detection. Once the integral image has been computed, three consecutive steps are performed which are detailed in the following sections: 1. Feature filtering based on a combination of second order box filters; 2. Feature selection is combining non-maxima suppression and thresholding; 3. Scale-space location refinement ( § 4.3) using second order interpolation. This interest point detection task is summarized in Algorithm 1. Step-1 Filtering Image by Integration: Integral image and box filters Let u be the processed digital image defined over the pixel grid à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = [0,N-1]Ãâ€"[0.M-1], where M and N are positive integers. In the following, we only consider quantized gray valued images (taking values in the range [0; 255]), which is the simplest way to achieve robustness to color modifications, such as a white balance correction. The integral image of I for(x,y) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ is Flow Diagram: Figure3.1: showing the flow chart of the process for object detection Step 2: Point Detection: During the detection step, the local maxima in the box-space of the determinant of Hessian† operator are used to select interest point candidates. These candidates are then validated if the response is above a given threshold. Both the scale and location of these candidates are then refined using quadratic fitting. Typically, a few hundred interest points are detected in a megapixel image. input: image u, integral image U, octave o, level i output: DoHL(u) function Determinant_of_Hessian (U; o; i) L 2oi + 1 (Scale variable, Eq. (19)) for x := 0 to M à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 1, step 2oà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 do (Loop on columns) for y := 0 to N à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 1, step 2oà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 do (Loop on rows) DoHL(u)(x; y) Formula (24) (with (4), (10) and (11)) end for end for return DoHL(u) end function Algo input: image u output: listKeyPoints (Initialization) U IntegralImage(u) (Eq. (1)) (Step 1: filtering of features) for L 2 f3; 5; 7; 9; 13; 17; 25; 33; 49; 65g do (scale sampling) DoHL(u) Determinant_of_Hessian (U; L) end for (Step 2: selection and refinement of keypoints) for o := 1 to 4 do (octave sampling) for i := 2 to 3 do (levels sampling for maxima location) L -> 2o i + 1 listKeyPoints -> listKeyPoints + KeyPoints(o; i;DoHL(u)) end for end for return listKeyPoints So that the scale normalization factor C(L) for second order box filters should be proportional to 1 L2 However, the previous normalization is only true when L1. Indeed, while we have kDxxGÏÆ'k2 2 kDxyGÏÆ'k2 2 = 3 at any scale ÏÆ', this is not exactly true with box filters, where: kDL xxk2 2 kDL xyk2 2 = 3(2L−1) 2L ≈ 3 when L1. To account for this dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence in normalization for small scales, while keeping the same (fast) un-normalized box filters, the author of SURF introduced in Formula (24) a weight factor: w(L) = kDL xxk2 kDL xyk2  ·kDxyGÏÆ'k2 kDxxGÏÆ'k2 =r2L−1 2L . (26) The numerical values of this parameter are listed in the last column of Table 2. As noticed by the authors of SURF, the variable w(L) does not vary so much across scales. This is the resaon why the weighting parameter w in Eq. (10) is fixed to w(3) = 0.9129. Feature selection: In our methodology, interest points are defined as local maxima of the aforementioned DoHL operator applied to the image u. These maxima are detected by considering a 3 Ãâ€" 3 Ãâ€" 3 neighborhood, andperforminganexhaustivecomparisonofeveryvoxelofthediscretebox-spacewith its 26 nearest-neighbors. The corresponding feature selection procedure is described in Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3 Selection of features input: o,i,DoHL(u) (Determinant of Hessian response at octave o and level i) output: listKeyPoints (List of keypoints in box space with sub-pixel coordinates (x,y,L)) function KeyPoints (o,i,DoHL(u)) L ↠ 2oi + 1 for x := 0 to M −1, step 2o−1 do (Loop on columns) for y = 0 to N −1, step 2o−1 do (Loop on rows) if DoHL(u)(x,y) > tH then (Thresholding) if isMaximum (DoHL(u),x,y) then (Non-maximum suppression) if isRefined (DoHL(u),x,y,L) then addListKeyPoints (x,y,L) end if end if end if end for end for return listKeyPoints end function Remark A faster method has been proposed in [21] to find the local maxima without exhaustive search, which has been not implemented for the demo. Thresholding: Using four octaves and two levels for analysis, eight dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent scales are therefore analyzed (see Table 2 in Section 3.2). In order to obtain a compact representation of the image -and also to cope with noise perturbation- the algorithm selects the most salient features from this set of local maxima. This is achieved by using a threshold tH on the response of the DoHL operator DoHL(u)(x,y) > tH . (27) Note that, since the operator is scale-normalized, the threshold is constant. In the demo, this threshold has been set to 10 assuming that the input image u takes values in the intervalJ0,255K. This setting enables us to have a performance similar to the original SURF algorithm [2, 1] (see Section 6 for more details). Figure 13 shows the set of interest points detected as local box-space maxima of the DoHL operator, and selected after thresholding. For visualization purpose, the radii of the circles is set as 2.5 times the box scale L of the corresponding interest points.