Attitude Alignment

Attitude Alignment Attitudes change over a given period of time. The process of attitude change is dependent on variables that exist in the daily lives of people and related to the process of socialization as well.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Attitude Alignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human nature is social, and therefore, the process of change of attitude is highly influenced by this factor as it is to suit the daily needs of existence and probably survival. The process of attitude change to join a group or a class as well as adjust to a friend or a partner refers to alignment. Human beings hold differing opinions regarding to almost all the issues, ideas, facts and things, but through the process of alignment, agreement is achieved (Newcomb, 1959). At times, this may go to progressive or retrogressive extents depending on the intent of two persons and the origin of the influence. Relationships may be entered into in regard to similarity of attitudes which can be formed as a result of attraction, selection or mere of similar attitudes availability. However, the change in attitudes as well as change of pool of attitudes in relationships requires partners to always engage in active attitude similarity. This is referred to as attitude alignment. In the language script between two lovers, D and S, there is an attitudinal similarity toward celebrating their anniversary. Attitudinal dissimilarity in regard to how to celebrate it and where to celebrate is also observed between the two lovers. The importance of celebrating the anniversary is clear between D and S; however, their attitudes toward the method and place are different. Accordingly to S, she is not for the idea of dinning in downtown and watching a movie thereafter. At this point, attitudinal alignment is zero as S chooses to act up to her opinion.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the balance theory, imbalance exists between D, S and the method as well as the place of celebration of the anniversary. As a result, tension between D and S is created in their interaction. Accordingly, this theory proposes that ways of reducing this imbalance that results to tension between the two could be reduced by the less costly strategy of modifying the attitude towards the celebration method and the venue. Such an outcome can be achieved by changing their own opinions either directly by attempting to influence each others views or indirectly by modifying the focus of the issue (Rosenberg Abelson, 1960). Communication, as noted by Newcomb (1959), plays a key role in bringing balance to the imbalance situation in the relationship. Celebrating anniversary, according to D, is an important thing as it marks their foundations of love, and thus it is salient in the relationship. Thus S recognizes the discomfort ca used to D and thus decides to resolve the matter by letting D take the lead and consider something else rather than bringing arguments. S commends D for his attempted suggestions of a different place, though she feels it is not enough. The salience misalignment hypothesis states that greater attitude alignment will occur if both recognize they are against the celebration of anniversary and hence must find a solution to this issue. By using the principle of the least efforts involved, the issue of celebration of an anniversary will bring attitude alignment between D and S since it does not touch their self-concept or who they are.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Attitude Alignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the focus of self-hypothesis confirms that a greater alignment will occur on salient attitudinal discrepancies which are not central to the self as well as to the partner. In this case, D will work towards attitude alignment with S in order to gain greater closeness in their relationship. This is the reason why D downplays actual identification of the method and place of celebration of the anniversary by using communication skills and avoiding arguments. By choosing to keep it as surprise, both S and D use the least effort principle to improve their relationship and hence confirm the strength of unit relationship hypothesis that observes that attitude alignment will be greater for partners if they value their opinions and they are ready to meet each other half way, as in case of D and S. References Newcomb, T. M. (1959). Individual systems of orientation. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science: Vol. 3 (pp. 384-422). New York: McGraw-Hill. Rosenberg, M. J., Abelson, R. P. (1960). An analysis of cognitive balancing. In C. I. Hovland M. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components (pp. 112-163). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Definition and Examples of Antanaclasis (Word Play)

Definition and Examples of Antanaclasis (Word Play) Definition Antanaclasis is a rhetorical term for a  type of verbal play in which one word is used in two contrasting (and often comic) senses- a type of  homonymic pun. Also known as the rebound. Antanaclasis  appears often in aphorisms, such as If we dont hang together, we shall surely hang separately. See Examples and Observations  below. Also see: AntistasisAsteismusDiacopeJanus WordLogologyParonomasiaPloceTraductioWord PlayWords at Play: An Introduction to Recreational Linguistics EtymologyFrom the Greek, reflection, bending, breaking against Examples and Observations And theres bars on the corners and bars on the heart.(Tim McGraw, Where The Green Grass Grows)People on the go . . . go for Coke.(advertisement for Coca Cola)If you arent fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm.(Vince Lombardi) Viola: Save thee, friend, and thy music! Dost thou live by thy tabour?Clown: No, sir, I live by the church.Viola: Art thou a churchman?Clown: No such matter, sir: I do live by the church; for I do live at my house, and my house doth stand by the church.(William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, Act 3, Scene 1)For every woman growing anxious about thinning hair, there are thousands growing it back.(advertisement for Rogaine)At first glance, Shirley Polykoffs sloganIf Ive only one life, let me live it as a blonde!seems like merely another example of a superficial and irritating rhetorical trope (antanaclasis) that now happens to be fashionable among advertising copy writers.(Tom Wolfe, The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening) Death, tho I see him not, is nearAnd grudges me my eightieth year.Now I would give him all these lastFor one that fifty have run past.Ah! He strikes all things, all alike,But bargains: those he will not strike.(Walter Savage Landor, Age) Antanaclasis in Hip HopRarely is it that a single rhetorical form can essentially define the poetics of not just one MC but of an entire clique. Such is the case with the Diplomats and the figurative trope of antanaclasis. Antanaclasis is when a single word is repeated multiple times, but each time with a different meaning. For the Diplomats, the popularity of it likely began with Camron, the leading member of Dipset, who started his career rapping alongside Mase. Consider the following lines off one of his mix-tape releases: I flip China White,/my dishes white china/from China. Playing with just two words, he renders them in several distinct permutations. China white is a particular variety of heroin. White china is a generic term for dishware, and he then goes on to specify that his dishware actually is from China. What might sound like nonsense or repetition for the sake of sound alone soon reveals itself as a rhetorical figure in action.(Adam Bradley, Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. BasicCivitas, 2009) From Antanaclasis to AposiopesisHem! again said the thrifty Roland, with a slight inflection of the beetle brows. It may be next to nothing, Maamsisterjust as a butchers shop may be next to Northumberland House, but there is a vast deal between nothing and that next neighbour you have given it.This speech was so like one of my fathersso naive an imitation of that subtle reasoners use of the rhetorical figure called Antanaclasis (or repetition of the same words in a different sense), that I laughed and my mother smiled. But she smiled reverently, not thinking of the Antanaclasis, as, laying her hand on Rolands arm, she replied in the yet more formidable figure of speech called Epiphonema (or exclamation), Yet, with all your economy, you would have had usTut! cried my uncle, parrying the Epiphonema with a masterly Aposiopesis (or breaking off), tut! if you had done what I wished, I should have had more pleasure for my money!My poor mothers rhetorical armoury supplied no weapon to meet that artful Aposiopesis, so she dropped the rhetoric altogether, and went on with that unadorned eloquence natural to her, as to other great financial reformers.(Edward Bulwer Lytton, The Caxtons: A Family Picture, 1849) Serious Word PlayThe modern sensibility prefers the mechanics of a rhetorical effect to be hidden from view; anything which smacks of contrivance or artifice, any construction which leaves the scaffolding in place, is regarded with some suspicion. . . . In other words, the more obvious the pun to the reader (regardless of what feats of ingenuity went into its fabrication), the less pleasure there is to be derived from it. This is perhaps why antanaclasis, the figure in which a word occurs and is then repeated in a different sense, has never been rehabilitated . . .; the repetition flags the effects, and it shades from being clever into being clever-clever. This hasnt always been the case. In the Renaissance, obviousness was no impediment to joy: quite the opposite, in fact.(Sophie Read, Puns: Serious Wordplay. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson et al,. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Pronunciation: an-tan-ACK-la-sis

ARE TAX CUTS GOOD FOR AMERICA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ARE TAX CUTS GOOD FOR AMERICA - Essay Example For many years, the current tax collection programs have been very successful, as where the national budget has presented surplus instead of deficit. In order to obtain a better understanding, it is recommended to begin an analysis where the basic concepts regarding taxes are stated. According to Wikipedia â€Å"tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity, by a state.† (Tax, Wikipedia.org) In the case of the United States, the state is represented by the government, either federal and/or local. Nowadays, the taxation is paid in money; however, there have been cases where it is paid with labor. Taxation is not a donation, nor a voluntary payment, it is rather an imposed one or, better yet, an enforced contribution, where agencies such as Internal Revenue Services are in charge of collecting them. When taxes are not paid, either fully or partially civil and even criminal penalties are imposed upon the non paying individual or entities. In many situations the Internal Revenue Services has permitted the payer to initiate a payment program, without further penalties. (Tax, Wikipedia.org) The purpose of collecting taxes varies from state to state and even from city to city. In any case the government is allowed to use them, either for war, protection of property, law enforcement, etc. and most important of all, the operation of the government itself. In the United States, the government also uses the funds collected during the taxation process, for welfare and public services. Those services may include unemployment benefits, education systems, health care systems, pensions, and even public transportation. There exist more programs created to assist the citizens and the people with lower incomes. As it has been mentioned before, the different programs vary from one state to the other, or they are held constants, depending on the program, throughout the nation. (Tax,

Public Relation Campaign for Big Brother Big Sister Assignment

Public Relation Campaign for Big Brother Big Sister - Assignment Example You can be assured that his Big Brother or Big Sister has undergone an extensive background check because we value your child’s safety. Furthermore, all mentoring relationships are closely monitored and have the backing of professionally trained match coordinator. The Big Brother or Big Sister will assist your child in achieving success in school and preventing him from turning to drugs or alcohol. Most kids who enroll at Big Brothers Big Sisters become more confident and perform better in school. Their relationships with their families and friends greatly improve. More importantly, they feel better about themselves (Big Brothers Big Sisters of America , par 2). If you are committed to letting your child explore his vast potentials and want to develop him to become a mature, responsible and a well-rounded individual, this is the opportunity you have been waiting for. You may contact us at telephone number ____________ and we will gladly discuss with you about our programs. Big Brothers Big Sisters Australia Limited. "International connections." 2009. bigbrothersbigsisters.org. Web. 22 October 2012

Certain chemicals Essay Example for Free

Certain chemicals Essay If the process of plate tectonics were to completely stop then the ability of the Earth to create mountains through the collisions of two different plates would stop as well. This would mean that erosion would eventually abrade these mountains and the amount of sediment created by this activity would eventually reach the numerous oceans and seas. The end result would be a rise in sea level that would eventually swallow up the entire land mass of the Earth and sort of global ocean would be created as a result (Life in the universe 2001). This would of course mean the extinction of all the land based species on the surface of the planet. B. ) Weathering helps initiate the erosion of rocks, topsoil or other exposed surfaces of the Earth through either changes in the climate or weather conditions while erosion on the other hands deals in the transport of small rocky material after weathering has broken it down (Boardsman 2002). These two processes help to release valuable minerals in the soil which can be carried off to the sea to nourish it or to create land suitable for plant life (Boardsman 2002). Not only that but it is these two processes that help to regulate the landmass on the planet brought about by plate tectonics which creates new land masse. If erosions and weathering stopped the seas and oceans would not be able to get the valuable nutrients they need to support life and the surface of the Earth would be filled with massive mountains that would make it hard to live on. 2. Evaluate the following statements: A. We should not get worried about exposure to toxic chemicals because almost any chemical at a high dosage can cause harm. This statement is false. Certain chemicals at even low dosages can be fatal to human beings. For example if ingested even in tiny drops arsenic is fatal to most people and can cause an extremely painful death within hours (Gilbere 2008). Another example is sulfuric acid which can kill a person if splashed on the wrong area of the body. There is actually a wide variety of chemicals in the world today that dont rely on volume to kill as such a person should take caution when they handle, are near to or have been splashed by any sort of chemical (Gilbere 2008). B. We should not worry about exposure to UV light and toxic chemicals because though genetic adaptation, we can develop immunity to such chemicals/UV light. Genetic adaptation takes millions of years to accomplish as such overexposure today for a person without proper protection can lead to skin cancer, a variety of skin diseases, a bad sunburn, heat stroke or a variety of other maladies that affect a persons health (Guhl 2005). As such the present generation or even the next 10 generations would not be able to benefit from any developments in genetic adaptation due to the time evolve. Due to this people should be wary of their exposure to UV light and must take precautions in order not develop any skin related problems. C. We should not worry about exposure to toxic chemicals because we can use genetic engineering to reduce our susceptibility to the effects of toxic chemicals. Genetic engineering can only do so much when it comes to developing resistance to certain types of chemicals. Not only that since the process would take an incredibly long period of time due to the current level of technology but the present generation or even the one after that would not be able to benefit from it. Genetic engineering can only do so much to build up a natural resistance to an artificial substance for example strong acids can even melt rock imagine what it could do to flesh no matter how genetically improved it may be. Artificial substances and natural substances by their very nature are polar opposites as such there will always be an artificial substance that can harm a natural one no matter the level of improvement it has undergone (Gilbere 2008). Part 2: 1. Which is a better choice at the grocery store: paper bag? Plastic bag? Or tissue bag? Explain your answer None of the choices given are better choices. Paper, plastic or even tissue bags still represent the use of materials that will eventually fill up landfills and cause pollution. Paper bags are sources from trees as such their use and production means that trees which could have absorbed the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or provided support for loose top soil to prevent landslides are instead used to hold groceries. Not only that but paper bags are easily destroyed through either physical force or liquid substances. As such their reusability is rather unreliable under the best of circumstances. One recurring myth is that recycled paper bags actually help the environment unfortunately this is not true as it may seem. The trucks used to transport paper to the recycling centers, the chemicals used to remove the respective dyes from the paper as well as to sanitize it combined with the process of boiling, processing and drying actually uses up more resources and leaves a larger carbon and chemical footprint than processing an average tree into paper. Plastic bags on the other hand are more durable than paper bags and are easily reused for other purposes such as trash bags, holders or covers unfortunately though in the end they are still thrown away and unlike their paper counterparts do not break down in the environment as easily and when it comes to recycling also uses up more resources to produce than the average plastic bag. Tissue bags on the other hand are just as easily destroyed as paper bags and are just as expensive to recycle. The best choice would be to bring a cloth bag. The are sold or even given away for free at most department stores, they can be used for several years at a time and not only that they are more easily broken down in the environment as compared to plastic bags. 2. Explain how fossil fuels are formed? Fossil fuels are formed when organisms such as algae zooplankton, phytoplankton as well other organisms die settle on the sea floor. Overtime when clusters of these organisms are covered by sand and silt and the conditions are just right their organic structure starts to break down after several million years the end result is a dark liquid material that is processed by refineries and turned into modern day gasoline. The reason its called fossil fuels is due to the fact that a fossil, by definition, is the remains of a dead organism and that is what fossil fuels are. 3. Is it ever possible to be completely healthy? While it is possible through a healthy diet and adequate exercise to attain a healthy body for an extended period of time there are setbacks that happen that prevent people from being completely healthy. For example a person who tried his/ her best to be healthy through dieting or exercise can never prevent his/herself from contracting a disease, virus, sickness etc. No matter who the person is they will get sick several times over the course of their life and as such can never be classified as completely healthy (Brian 2009). 4. Can we design buildings or houses that save energy? Explain your answer Yes buildings that can save energy can be designed to saved energy can be made and are actually in existence. A lot of houses these days have an insulating material installed in-between the outer and inner wall of the house. When winter comes along this insulating material helps to keep heat in and cold out thus saving on heating bills. Another example is the use of solar panels on the roofs of houses. These days the use of solar energy panels has been advertised as a means to save electricity and to even make money off of since any excess energy produced can be sent into the local power grid and the homeowners of the solar powered house can make money off of the power company while saving energy at the same time (Flin 2006). List of References Life in the Universe. (2001). Platetectonics. Retrieved on May 19, 2010 from http://www. lifeinuniverse. org/Platetectonics-05-02-01. html Gilbere, Gloria. TOTAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT Requires Conscious LivingNot Getting-by on Auto-pilot. Total Health 30. 2 (2008): 48-50 Flin, David. Hot shots [solar powered home]. Power Engineer 20. 3 (2006): 16-19. Brian, Sarah Jane. making a of difference. Scholastic Parent Child 16. 7 (2009): 38-42. Guhl, Sven, et al. Bivalent Effect of UV Light on Human Skin Mast Cells—Low-Level Mediator Release at Baseline but Potent Suppression Upon Mast Cell Triggering. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 124. 2 (2005): 453-456 Boardman, John. The need for soil conservation in Britain – revisited. Area 34. 4 (2002): 419-427.

Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    In literature, authors have created characters that have traits that contributes to their survival in society. The qualities of shredders, adaptability, and basic human kindness enables the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to survive in his environment.   The purpose of this paper is to depict the importance of these traits or qualities to his survival.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn is able to confront complex situations because he is shrewd. Nothing is more natural or more necessary than his ability to lie.   In certain situations I will discuss how he must lie because the circumstances forced him to deception and lies and evasions are the only weapons he has to protect himself from those who are physically stronger than he. The creativity, common sense, and understanding of people of different classes give him the edge he needs to survive in a rather harsh society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has adjusted his life to that of a civilized society. Huck illustrates his shrewd thinking when he see signs that indicates his father is back. Being afraid of his father, he gives all of his money to Judge Thatcher to avoid being persecuted by his father. Protecting himself was his number one priority; he knew that if his father got the money he would get drunk and in return would abuse him. His father drunkenness become a threat to his life later on in the story and by stopping him from getting the money, he stopped his father from being an abuser at that point and time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, Huck's father returns to town to get custody of his son because he here of Huck's fortune, finally resorting to the kidnapping. Huck is locked in the cabin when Pap is not around; once he was locked up for three days. At this point and time Huck was being neglected and abuse; his father had no idea what his abusive behavior was doing to Huck until he escapes. Pap became so abusive(not realizing it because of he is always drunk), that he almost kills his son in the cabin, thinking he was the angel of death. This incident forces Huck to realize that his father is an Free Essays - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Free Essay - Survival in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn    In literature, authors have created characters that have traits that contributes to their survival in society. The qualities of shredders, adaptability, and basic human kindness enables the character Huckleberry Finn, in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn to survive in his environment.   The purpose of this paper is to depict the importance of these traits or qualities to his survival.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huckleberry Finn is able to confront complex situations because he is shrewd. Nothing is more natural or more necessary than his ability to lie.   In certain situations I will discuss how he must lie because the circumstances forced him to deception and lies and evasions are the only weapons he has to protect himself from those who are physically stronger than he. The creativity, common sense, and understanding of people of different classes give him the edge he needs to survive in a rather harsh society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Living with Ms. Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck has adjusted his life to that of a civilized society. Huck illustrates his shrewd thinking when he see signs that indicates his father is back. Being afraid of his father, he gives all of his money to Judge Thatcher to avoid being persecuted by his father. Protecting himself was his number one priority; he knew that if his father got the money he would get drunk and in return would abuse him. His father drunkenness become a threat to his life later on in the story and by stopping him from getting the money, he stopped his father from being an abuser at that point and time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pap, Huck's father returns to town to get custody of his son because he here of Huck's fortune, finally resorting to the kidnapping. Huck is locked in the cabin when Pap is not around; once he was locked up for three days. At this point and time Huck was being neglected and abuse; his father had no idea what his abusive behavior was doing to Huck until he escapes. Pap became so abusive(not realizing it because of he is always drunk), that he almost kills his son in the cabin, thinking he was the angel of death. This incident forces Huck to realize that his father is an

Report on Education and Computers

An important question many Christian schools are trying to answer is â€Å"How can we fit computers into the educational process? † To answer this question we must know that computers can have at least three roles in education: Tool, Teacher or Tutor. Teachers use computers in many different ways. They use computers as tools for production purposes. Word processors, presentation software, spreadsheets, scanners, quality printers, and more combine to allow the production of the documents that help our society function. They produce web pages that make our ideas and business available to the world. They also produce school brochures, leaflets, tracks and yearbooks that rival professionally designed products. Teachers also use computers for storage and to retrieve information. Financial software, databases, spreadsheets, administrative software, grading programs, and schedulers all produce a measure of organization and efficiency that has greatly improved our educational capabilities. As a communication tool, the computer has revolutionized the world. Teachers also use computers as tools to access the seemingly infinite information resources on the Internet. As a tool, the computer†s capabilities are bound only by ou! Christian schools can also use the computer as a teacher. In the field of education, the computer has not come entirely into its own. For most Christian schools, the funds are not available to set up programs of instruction that are computercentric. For us to fully use the computer†s capabilities, we would need entire classrooms wired and networked with enough stations to teach every student correctly and efficiently. Visual aids, videos, textbooks, remarks and instructions could be made available to each student by the cilck of a button. Teachers, computers, and students could then work together for truly interactive and individualized instructions. Tests and quizzes could be given and scored right on the screen and the grades automatically registered in the teacher†s master station. Most Christian schools cannot afford more than a computer lab in which they the basics of word processing. Instead of using computers as teachers, most schools are using them as tutors. The distinction is small but important. The word â€Å"teacher† connotes classroom instruction, while â€Å"tutor† connotes individual instruction. Using this method, individual students are tutored by means of educational games or fun instructional programs. This is a grea tidea, and these are a multitude of excellent programs for just this purpose. However, these are some logistical problems.

Happy Birthday Sal

Happy Birthday Sal!!!!! This is the part where I tell you about how much I love you and how you have always been there for me and that your like the sal to my pal which you are! But I'm going to keep it plain and simple†¦. With a rap Kush rolled, glass full, We prefer the better things Niggas with no money act like money isn't everything Were having a good time, they just trying to ruin it Shout out to the fact that its Sal's fuckin 18th Birthday! Hair did, makeup on, Hottest, everytimeSal ain't trying to pop that shit for pimp okay well never mind, I I I tried to told you, Colin still ain't nothin nice Bracelet saying believe, cars saying soccer mom life Okay now we outta here Happy Birthday to my bitch And if you hatin on my bitch I got the voodoo for you bitches Sal's to busy, She just wants trouble makes enough for two niggas boy daycare payin double Sal and pal is Famous like a drug that We've taken too much of I never ever trip Just that onceI got weed in these jeans, so t hey fit me kinda snug Plus the lighter is in my pocket, nigga this is what I does. I'm about your birthday man Fuck what they be talking about, Sal and pal are fuckin dope, We the only thing that matters (oooh) So we do it how we do it Happy birthday, man, I love ya sal you know how to do it I be up all night Cause I don't really know who Imma finish this rap (oooh) Man I love my sal Man I love my sal I would die for that nigga (oooh) HAPPY BIRTHDAY SAL .

History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays The WritePass Journal

History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays Introduction History and Development of Miasmatic Theory in Homeopathy, from Samuel Hahnemann to Nowadays IntroductionWhat are miasms?The Beginning: Hahnemann Conception of Chronic DiseasesThe RelapsesThe Missing LinkThe Cause: infectious agentsThe Underlying PredispositionThe Original Malady: Psora and non-venereal chronic diseasesOpinions on The Theory of PsoraThe Categorisation of IllnessSycotic MiasmThe Inheritance FactorFirst Publication of The TheoryReception and ContradictionKlein, 2010 – 2009InterpretationsThe ResultsRelated Introduction It is the intention of this study to give an in-depth and clear understanding of the theory of miasms, in order to comprehend them and identify its practical application. Homeopathy society has always been divided over the question of miasms. Since the time of Hahnemann, this theory has remained controversial (Bathia, 2007). The dissidents have taken the position that this theory need not be an essential part of Homeopathy as it is still possible practises it successfully without accepting this theory (Pitt, 2008). Author will make a discussion here to recognize what led Hahnemann to enunciate his chronic diseases theory and to determine if it is useful in the management of chronic cases in Homeopathic practice. Next it would be discuss its development, exploring the fact that a large number of homeopaths believe that miasms of Hahnemann are nothing but bacteria and viruses (Bathia, 2007). Then there are spiritual followers of Kent who believe in the non-material nature of miasms and call it a predisposition or dyscrasia (Pitt, 2008). Lately an approach of how are Miasms classified from the new perspectives such as genetic and epigenetic, embryology, Facial analysis, prototypes, periodic table, as all of them claim to follow the teachings from the Master (Klein, 2009). The other controversial issue to be look at is the number of Miasms, with two clear tendencies the three way model of miasms (psora, sycosis and syphilis) and from this up to eleven miasms as Sankaran have identify. (Klein, 2009) So the main objective of this project is to attempt to clarify and identify the different currents on the theory since Hahnemann make public his discovery until nowadays. What are miasms? The word miasm originates from the Greek word â€Å"Miasma† which means a stain, pollution, defilement of a noxious atmosphere or infective material. It was first used by Hippocrates to refer to a certain taint in the air (Kiple,1993)The term â€Å"miasm† was commonly in use in Hahnemann’s day and referred to some noxious, unseen influence in the air that made one sick. A quick look to an early dictionary definition of the term miasm, closer to the time of Hahnemann’s use, show the follow meaning â€Å"Miasm, is the effluvia or fine particles of any putrefying matter, rising and floating in the atmosphere, and dangerous to health: noxious exhalations, emanations, or effluvia: malaria: infectious substances floating in the air †. (Casell, 1902) Germ theory was further developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and Robert Koch in the 1870s, but it is important to understand that there is an abyss between Hahnemann’s dynamic conception of disease and the more material one of Pasteur and Koch (conventional medicine) (Verspoor, 1999) Sterner (2007) clarifies that the germ theory after revealed it soon prevailed over miasmic theory. Hahnemann, during his lifetime, discovered that a â€Å"noxious agent† was responsible for the persistence of the disease condition. He named this a miasm. The chronic diseases originate on chronic parasite miasms or germs, now referred to as chronic parasitic microorganisms. (Tyler, 2007). In other words it is a contagion that can provide the foundation for chronic disease (Choudhury, 2007). The Master (2003 ed.) in his last edition of the Organon on aphorism 78, postulates that veritable chronic illnesses are the ones that emerges from chronic miasms. If they are not treated properly with homeopathy CD becomes greater and tortures the patient until his death, regardless of the patients’ habits. In analysing Hahnemann’s writings, Dimitriadis (2005), emphasizes Master’s own definition of miasm; that is in fact an infectious agent, meaning any ainfectious substance dangerous for health. Taylor (2002) proposed that Hahnemann was using the term miasm in the inclusive rather than the particular meaning, in addition Dimitriadis (2005) clarifies that Hahnemann stated precisely the word infection in a wide implication particularly when he expressed that after the external stimulus impact on the body the vital force is primarily affected. Is been stressed that Hahnemann point out in all his works that miasms are not diseases themselves, if not the causation (Sarkar, 1968) Hahnemann also describes the gradually diminishing virulence via increasing immunity (Dudgeon, 1989: 166). On the other hand Dimitriadis (2005) states that any propensity to use the word miasm to describe tendency to disease (dyscrasia, diathesis or taint) is mistaken. Instead Bathia (2007) points out that although Hahnemann truly believed in the infectious nature of disease and considered miasms as infectious agent, conversely he also considered disease as dynamic, non-physical and its origin as a dynamic predisposition to illness. He goes on argue that Hahnemann shows confusion on his last writings on the 6th edition of the Organon, as in one hand is stating that Cholera is caused by living microorganism but on the other hand he is saying that nothing material could be found in ill persons due to illness come from the dynamic perturbation of the Vital force. Bathia concludes that this and other statements on master’s writing confuse the next generations and the world of miasms has become more chaotic. Moreover Vithoulkas (1980) the classic well known homeopath, defines a miasm as a tendency toward chronic disease underlying the acute manifestations of a disease, which is spreadable from generation to generation, and which may respond beneficially to the corresponding nosode prepared from either pathological tissue or from the appropriate drug or vaccine. Further research by Dr. Banarjea (2006) lead him to define miasm as â€Å"an invisible, dynamic principle† which is absorbed into the human organism. This causes a stigma in the constitution, which can only be removed by the correct anti-miasmatic medicine. He goes on to argue that without the correct treatment the miasm will continue and will be pass on the next generation. Heudens-Mast (2005) concurs that miasms are the basis of all disease. Miasms can be inherited or acquired from contagion or suppression. She concludes that the only way to truly help the patients is by addressing the miasms. Alternatively, Dr. Tomas Paschero (2000) defined miasma as a vibratory alteration of man’s vital force, which regulates the constitution and behaviour, conversely he negates the infectious aspect of miasms. In fact the definition of miasms during the course of the homeopathic history has marked the practice application, dividing the profession in two major groups, those who believed in the bacteria origin and those who believed in the spiritual nature of the miasms.   After evaluating Hahnemann’s conception of chronic diseases, the differences between these two majors groups would be analysed. The Beginning: Hahnemann Conception of Chronic Diseases The Relapses Hahnemann formulated the miasmatic theory of disease in his 7th decade, documented in his book The Chronic Disease (Watson, 2009). After formulating the Law of Similar and developing the provings, he enjoyed early success treating acute and epidemic illness, however he came across cases which the initial improvement cease (Tyler, 2007, Handley, 1997). His cases were overshadowed by old symptoms, which didn’t respond to the apparently well choose remedy (Haehl, 2003). He also experimented the emergence of new symptoms, which reacted inadequately to the remedies, and finally he states that the remedies were not better than palliatives, as the acute attacks tended to become more frequent and more serious over the time (Klein, 2009). In other words Hahnemann admitted that the Law of Similar although carefully applied doesn’t not always lead to success. (Whichmann, 2006). According to Choudhury (2006) Hahnemann thought it could be five reasons responsible for this failure, firstly referent to the law of similar which may not be of general application, next the number of medicines may be too short to cover all kind of illness, following a misuse of the law of similar, after an oblivion in the totality of symptoms, and last there might be some obstacles which previse perdurable recovery. Consequently, Hahnemann expended day and night working on long term patient’s cases to arrive to the root of the problem (Tyler, 2007), until he reached the conclusion that there is an obstacle in the organism that cannot be removed with medicines or the healthiest diet or disappear by itself. He named this obstacle a â€Å"miasm†. The Missing Link Hahnemann is know as very self-critic, and this censorious part of him, prevented him to be indifferent to the problem, he didn’t console himself with the magnificent acute cures, or looking for more remedies as many on the contrary followers urged, on the contrary Hahnemann knew that the problem lay not in the quantity but in the quality, in his lack of knowledge of illness. And so he took a though task to understand the disease (Decker 1999) Thereby at his 73 years and after 12 years of analysis of thousands of trials, cases, analysis, reflection and hard work, he discovered the reason why the homeopathic remedies did not lead to true cure of the chronic diseases (Dhawale, 2004). Thus he arrived to a profound notion in the treatment of chronic illness, which he first communicated to two of his most deserving disciples, in 1827, Staph and Gross, (Haehl, 2003) which for his surprise react with embarrassment, they were horrified, fearing for a further negative reaction to homeopathy (Handley, 1997). Not much later he wrote a letter to Baumgartner, declaring that his system was imperfect and defective without this missing link. (Bradford, 2004)    The Cause: infectious agents It have to be stressed before continue with the history of Hahnemann conception of chronic diseases, that Hahnemann initially used the word miasm to refer to what we would know as infectious diseases (Tyler, 2007), she also draws attention that by chronic diseases Hahnemann didn’t meant those consequence from continual inadequate environment, overindulgence or too much worries, because those will disappear in its own, without any treatment if the circumstances change, so it would be inappropriate to call them chronic diseases. Tyler light up that Hahnemann conception of disease was a microorganism, which will not vanish even with the most accurately mental and body habits. Is often quoted that Hahnemann when referring to infectious agents was talking about parasites, bacteria or viruses, without the help of a microscope, remarks and statements which went in advance of bacterial knowledge of many illnesses more than fifty year before of Koch’s discovery of the cholera bacteria. (Sarkar, 1968) Recent authors stressed similar views and even believe hat Hahnemann should be claimed as the Father of Bacteriology. (Choudhury 2006; Kanjilal 1977) However the preliminaries had already been set in place in many directions, scientist had been discussing the idea for some time. The existence of microorganisms had become recognized in medical science even 75 years before Hahnemann’s births and sources of specific contagion had already been put forward as a causation of diseases, at least 130 years earlier. (Ott, 1996) So for Klein (2009) it was an evident step forward to grasp and seize the word miasm and encompass his theory on the origin of CD. In fact Hahnemann’s theory of masked chronic illness, was very similar to the theory of diatheses, contemporary at Hahnemann’s time. However the exceptional stamp that Hahnemann marked his theory made it genuine and turned many people away from it (Handley, 1990) Another common critic make to the Master’s theory, is the allopathic approach, that some identifies on it. Watson (2009) on his examinations of miasmatic theory states that Hahnemann acquired an allopathic mode of rationale within his theory of chronic disease, looking for cause and fighting against it. The Underlying Predisposition The conclusions that Hahnemann drew from his profound study, allowed him to identify a profound level of diseases, or on other words the cause of an underlying predisposition. He observes that infections that patients contracted in the course of their life left a vital impact that led to relapses of the initial symptoms or the rise of more serious and chronic diseases. (Klein, 2009) While looking for these underlying diseases, Hahnemann look through the medical records of his patients searching for common factors in order to explain the nature of their illness. This was the beginning of his understanding into recognizing patterns of symptoms. (Haehl, 2003) This led him first to recognize the two known venereal diseases, which were chronic, infectious and inheritable in nature, syphilis and sycosis, as two of the masked causes of chronic diseases. He treated venereal diseases as an acute infectious diseases and saw chronic consequences to these illness,   nevertheless, these two cannot be reckon as the cause of all the chronic cases, so Hahnemann comprehend that the cause of the other chronic diseases does not lay on the venereal miasmas. (Verspoor, 1999) In this way his dwells were on the cause behind of all non-venereal chronic diseases, he realized that the original malady had to be of a chronic and infectious nature, as the chronic venereal miasm already defined. The Original Malady: Psora and non-venereal chronic diseases In his research on patients’ chronic cases, Hahnemann observed a common eruption of itch in their medical history; on top of that he proposed that this itch influenced the start of the evolution of the whole chronic disease process. (Dimitriadis, 2005) He declared Psora as the most primitive, common and dangerous and misinterpreted miasmatic disease. According to Hahnemann Psora is the sole and unique producer of non-venereal disease. (Choudhury, 2006) Can be suggested that what Hahnemann stated is that all these non-venereal chronic diseases are apparently separate parts of a single, sound rooted chronic disease process (Internal Psora), which develops after an infection from the psoric miasm (infectious agent, stimulus) (Dimitriadis, 2005, p.15-17) thus we come to the unavoidable deduction that the miasm is an external stimulus, and so Psora Miasm is not the same as Psora the disease, and is not a predisposition to disease quite the opposite is the diseased condition itself (Sarkar, 1968) However a predisposition to emerge a variety of disease is related to the suffer of internal Psora, but is not a dyscrasia or diathesis (Close, 2005). Hahnemann claimed that 7 of eight of human disease originated from infection of the Psora miasm, and the rest arose from infection with sycosis and syphilis miasm. It needs to be mentioned, that this state is highly speculative on Hahnemann’s side, as Dimitriadis (2005) lights up Hahnemann could not know that fact, even himself change his opinion on whether Psora was the cause of all or most non venereal diseases. Much of the initial criticism with the miasm theory came from, the fact that Hahnemann attributed too many chronic disease to just Psora. The symptoms attributed to Psora in Chronic Diseases (Hahnemann, 1998) are generally assigned to â€Å"leprosy† and â€Å"Scabies† which were experienced in some form or another by every living person and flourished through centuries without healing or being suppressed, progressing to secondary symptoms. The treatment of this illness were suppressive with lead, arsenic, calomel equivalent to antibiotic and steroidal medicines of today, which never cure the underlying disease (Klein, 2009) In addition DSouza   (2005) states that this treatments never brought any cure to the underlying illness. Instead the effect of those suppressions cause a deep taint on the vital force, compromising and weaken the vital force. Hahnemann (1998) attributed all diseases expressions such as inflammatory responses of internal organs and its further development as due to the suppression and incorrect treatment of symptoms of the primary psora over the centuries. Hahnemann identified Sulphur as the main remedy for Psora. Opinions on The Theory of Psora The reaction in front of the new theory, from his contemporaries was as negative as Hahnemann expected to be (Verspoor, 1999). Wolf, Giessen, Jahr, Trinks, Schron and many more refused and criticized the itch theory. However Stapf, Boenninghausen, Hering, were supporters of the master and followed the new doctrine with enthusiasm. (Bradford, 2004, Haehl, 2003) In 1836 Griesselich summarized the judgment of the contemporary homeopaths on the Psora doctrine in one sentence: â€Å"I have enquired from all homeopaths, if they recognized Psora as the original evil, and must confess, that I do not remember † (Handley, 1990, p.84) Hahnemann remained firm to his strict doctrine after all the comments received and break off friendly relations, he was very furious about it and reject all non-believing. (Haehl, 2003) The Categorisation of Illness Table 1.1    Psora Sycosis Syphilis Mental          Physical                                                                                     Sycotic Miasm The Inheritance Factor Founder wrote that miasms could be transmitted from generation to generation. He makes this discovery much before the science of genetic appears. So when a baby is born, he is got certain dormant illness, which in function of triggers during life can be aroused. The follow direct quotations from Organon 6th edition, constitute evidence that Hahnemann postulated that miasms are inherited. (Klein, 2009, Verspoor, 1999)  §284   Since Psora is usually communicated through the milk of the wet nurse to most nursing infants if they do not already possess Psora by inheritance from the mother, they are then at the same time protected anti-psorically in the indicated manner by means of the medicinal milk of the wet nurse. But the care of mothers in their first pregnancy is indispensable by means of a gentle anti-psoric treatment, especially by means of the new dynamizations of sulphur described in this edition ( §270), in order to extirpate in the mothers and in the fruit of their womb the Psora (engenderess of most of the chronic diseases) already imparted to the mothers through inheritance, and almost always present in them, so that their progeny might be protected against it in advance. First Publication of The Theory He first published the ideas in Chronic Disease in 1828, in his 4th edition of Organon and on the new title Chronic Diseases, Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure, and shortly afterwards he starts to use this theory on his prescribing methods, therefore were the result of the new theory. (Handley, 1997) The reactions were several, many who followed Hahnemann simply thought that wasn’t enough remedies, but Hahnemann rejected this idea and considered as a mere subterfuge. (Tyler, 2007) According to Verspoor (1999) Hahnemann didn’t expect his new discovery or himself to be accepted with affection or enthusiasm and much less to be understood, not even by his followers.    Reception and Contradiction Klein, 2010 – 2009 Interpretations    The Results It cannot be stressed enough that this must have been an enormous work for Hahnemann at his 73 years old, however the contemporaries and successors have not hesitate to make her critics both positive and adverse on his CD clinical outcome. A Hahnemann expert, after investigating the patient’s records of the master from 1836-1842, wrote: â€Å"It is an open secret that the progress of Hahnemann’s patients was generally not convincing†Ã‚   (Reinhard, 2006) On this line, Whichmann (2009) states that Hahnemann had had little time after the postulation of his new theory to practice it and so he suggest whether we have to use the first draft of the theory of miasms or we have to keep to developing or even withdraw. Hahnemann was very flexible and self critic as is being pointed already, he was always questioning himself and his results, as matter of fact on his first edition of the Organon Hahnemann presents his law of similar as the most important thing, and twenty years later he change his opinion, expressed on his Organon and chronic disease. (Whichmann, 2009) Controversially Klein (2009) states that master was recompensed and recognized with more success in the treatment of his patient suffering from long-term diseases. In spite of the consideration has to be made whether Hahnemann’s case taking was as detailed as is today, to reveal the true chronic state of the person and therefore the most accurate remedy. Another point to considerer on the results of Samuel Hahnemann is the influence of the other two miasms, syphilis and sycosis.   Hahnemann described them from the miasmatic infectious origin given a clear picture, however he doesn’t make the connection between them.

How to Write a Memo

How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo By Mark Nichol The memo may seem like a thing of the past, long ago supplanted by the email message. However, its general format can be applied to electronic communications, and the hard-copy memo still has its place in businesses and other organizations, especially when providing context for a print publication or another physical object being distributed among a group of people. Here are guidelines about format and organization of a memo. The full form of memo, memorandum the equally acceptable plural forms are memoranda and memorandums means â€Å"to be remembered,† and though memos often serve as reminders, they may also introduce a resource or call attention to an event, a policy, or an issue. Memos are useful for informing or reminding multiple people about something. The only reason to circulate a printed memo rather than email the intended recipients, however, is to minimize the risk that sensitive information will be distributed outside that limited audience, though hard copy can also be leaked to or otherwise appropriated by outside parties. (In that case, it might be best to avoid documentation altogether and circulate the information in person or by telephone.) Therefore, as stated above, the following recommendations are best suited for electronic transmission or for cases in which a memo accompanies an object. Select the recipients carefully to avoid introducing inefficiency by being too inclusive or inviting resentment by deliberately or inadvertently excluding certain parties. If a superior has requested that you send the memo or will benefit from reading its contents (or simply from knowing that you sent it), be sure to include that person, but take care not to distribute it to upper management unless it is essential information for them; alternatively, you can leave it to your immediate supervisor to decide whether to pass the memo along to his or her superior(s). Keep in mind, too, the nature of the memo and the culture of the business or organization when determining the degree of formality with which you refer to people or how you write the memo in general. Format a memo with single line spaces, justified to the left margin, and use line spaces rather than indented first lines of paragraphs to distinguish small blocks of text. Use clear, concise, direct language, and employ headings and bullet or numbered lists to outline the main points. The first section, the header, should include four components: a â€Å"to† field with recipients’ names and job titles, a â€Å"from† field with the sender’s name and job title, the full date, and a short but specific subject line. Introduce the topic in the first paragraph by providing the memo’s purpose (for example, to explain the reason for distributing a printed document), the context of the topic (the importance to the recipients and the company or organization of the document), and the expected outcome (the recipients should read the document and perhaps be prepared to discuss it at an upcoming meeting). In the sentences (or brief paragraphs) that follow, expand on the context and the task, then elaborate on any points before summarizing the topic and closing with a comment about any follow-up action required or requested (such as asking for recommendations or other responses, or a reference to a scheduled meeting or other event). Headings should be specific (â€Å"Ethics Policy Recommendations,† rather than simply â€Å"Recommendations,† for example), and lists are best restricted to a few phrases or brief statements. Remember, too, that memos (like any other form of writing) should clearly convey the writer’s purpose and associate that purpose with the interests and/or needs of the recipient(s). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Coca cola Global Marketing strategies Research Paper

Coca cola Global Marketing strategies - Research Paper Example One can easily find Coke’s soft drinks anywhere in the world due to their efficient distribution system. Coca-Cola’s Marketing Strategies Global marketing strategy has been adopted by Coca-Cola. They consider the whole world as a single market place and uniform marketing strategy has been in use by Coca-cola for several years, but now different marketing campaigns are being designed for different regions of the world due to change in trends. Business decisions are initialized on a domestic basis to fit in with the cultural and societal needs of the domestic country. Coca-Cola went global in the 1920s. Coca-Cola decided to take its operations worldwide and started marketing research in China, Central America, and in a lot of other countries. Successful and efficient marketing research paved way for Coca-cola to produce on a global scale in various parts of the world (United States Securities and Exchange Commission 33). The Company has got such an extensive distribution and bottlers system that its products are available the world over. Coca cola beverage is available at each and every retail outlet. There are numerous reasons why Coca-Cola opted to globalize its products. The prospect to sell Coca-Cola worldwide existed because it is a product which can be consumed by everyone irrespective of age and gender, all over the world. Advertising has been strong enough to create demand for Coca-Cola worldwide. However, advertising has to be aligned with the culture of the respective countries. An adapted marketing mix means adjusting the mix with the prevailing culture, geographic, economic and other differences in different countries. Different languages and cultures caused problems. The bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It permits them to carry out their operations on a global scale while at the same time keep a national approach. Brand image is an important factor moving Coke’s sale. The brand name of Coca-Cola is very well re cognized all over the world. Packaging changes have also impacted industry positioning and sales. The bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of countless growth opportunities the world over. This strategy enables Coke to service a large geographic, diverse, area. The threat of new crucial competitors in the carbonated soft drink industry is not very extensive. The threat of substitutes, however, is a very real threat. The soft drink industry is very strong. Possible substitutes that continuously exert pressure on both Pepsi and Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk, and hot chocolate. Coca-Cola constantly evaluates their supply chain model so as to fit in the local dynamics of the market and recognizing different service needs from our customers, analyze the way we go to market, at the same time as looking for a more competent supply chain model. They rolled various new distribution models throughout their regions looking for improvements in their supply chain ne twork. In Saudi Arabia, advertising forms the essence of the marketing strategy i.e. print, outdoor, and electronic media. The global strategy for Coca-Cola here means that they provide standardized products throughout the world but promote it in a local way. McDonalds even has the same strategy â€Å"Think Local, Act Global†. Their main strategies in the Middle East were to position the products by localizing, bringing new products and innovative packaging. In the Middle East such as Saudi Arabia and UAE we know that

Mangmnt 3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mangmnt 3010 - Essay Example The company can maintain itself through the effect of the implementation of this leadership style by hiring new employees. So, if the company engages in mere routine and unskilled jobs, it is easy to hire new employees without ill effects to company management and production. The tactical plan and actions to address Autocratic Leadership has its basic foundation in ensuring that the leadership style suits company goals and the company’s capacity to maintain such leadership style. From this, other plans may arise to ensure employee loyalty. This system of rewards has been proven as a good means to keep employees under control. A system of rewards as defined by a business dictionary as â€Å"procedures, rules, and standards associated with allocation of benefits and compensation to employees† may be put into play. The company can devise steps for the giving of incentives, bonuses, and benefits to those who will continue to work well and obey management. Rewards may also b e given for employees who continue to stay with the company, perhaps a bonus for every three year anniversary. A government agency, NASA, defines employee relations as â€Å"involving the body of work concerned with the maintenance of employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† This leaves no room for conflict or problems between co-employees and management. Management must ensure and maintain employees happy, creative and enthusiastic. By keeping employees in such a state, they will work better for the interests of the company. It is for this reason that the Florida Atlantic University promotes the creation of a positive environment and relationships based on good management practices and workplace behaviors. There are courses of action to create a positive environment and